Fig. 1.

Cell viability, ROS levels, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, caspase-3 activity, and DNA fragmentation in H. pylori–infected cells treated with or without KRG. KRG was treated to the cells 2 h before H. pylori stimulation. 24 h- (A, cell viability), 1 h- (B, ROS levels), and 6 h- (C, protein levels of Bax and Bcl-2; D, caspase-3 activity; E, DNA fragmentation) cultures were used. Protein band intensity of Bax/Bcl-2 in the untreated, uninfected group (none) was set as 100%. Values are mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05 vs. untreated, uninfected group (none) and ⁺p < 0.05 vs. untreated, H. pylori–infected group (control).

KRG, Korean Red Ginseng extract; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SEM, standard error of the mean.