Fig. 2.

Immunoblotting of senescence proteins and SA-β-gal staining of Rg3(S)-treated senescent HDFs. (A) Immunoblot images of senescence marker expression in successively passaged HDFs. (B) Rg3(S)-treated young (passage #6) and old (passage #17) HDFs. HDFs were pretreated with 10 μM Rg3(S) for 24 h at 37°C. Rg3(S) was diluted in DMSO (0.1%, v/v), and DMSO alone was used as a control. β-Actin was used as a loading control. (C) SA-β-gal staining of senescent HDFs pretreated with Rg3(S). (D) Quantification of SA-β-gal staining of Rg3(S)-treated old HDFs. Young (passage #6) and old (passage #17) HDFs were incubated with 10 μM of the PPD-type ginsenosides, Rg3(S), Rg3(R), Rh2(S) and PPD(S), for 24 h. A representative image of SA-β-gal stained cells is shown. The percentages of SA-β-gal–positive cells were calculated by SABIA (ebiogen, Seoul, Korea) using optical microscopy images. Data represent the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. ^∗∗Statistical significant of p < 0.01.

HDFs, human dermal fibroblasts; PPD, protopanaxadiol; SA-β-gal, senescence-associated β-galactosidase; SD, standard deviation.