Table 2.
Effects of P. ginseng and derived ginsenosides on AD
| Treatment | Experimental model | Effects | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| KRG | 41 AD patients (KRG consumption for 8 weeks) | (↓) EASI, (↓) TEWL, (↓) pruritus (↓) sleep disturbance | [39] |
| 30 AD patients (KRG consumption for 16 weeks) | (↓) Skin squamation (↓)TEWL (↓) IgE in serum (↑) Stratum corneum recovery | [40] | |
| TNCB-treated NC/Nga mice | (↓) ear thickness (↓)TEWL (↓) IgE in serum (↓) TSLP (↓) TNF-α (↓)IL-4, IL-17, IFN-γ | [41] | |
| Compound 48/80–induced anaphylactic shock and DNFB-induced skin lesion in Balb/c mice TNF-α– and IFN--γ–induced HaCaT cells |
(↓) AD-like skin lesions and anaphylaxis (↓) IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 (↓) IgE in serum (↓) MAPK and NF-κB pathway | [15] | |
| (↓) IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 (↓) MAPK and NF-κB pathway (↓) TARC, MDC | [15] | ||
| PMA/A23187-induced HMC-1 cells | (↓) MIP-1a, MIP-1b, RANTES, MCP-1 | [15] | |
| (↓) IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 (↓) MAPK and NF-κB pathway | |||
| TNCB-induced NC/Nga mice | (↓) scratching (↓) ear thickness (↓) TEWL (↓) IgE in serum (↓) IL-31, TNF-α, IFN-γ, TSLP | [42] | |
| DNCB-induced Balb/c mice | (↓) IL-4, IL-10 (↓) scratching (↓) IgE in serum (↓) MAPK, NF-κB, Ikaros | [17] | |
| DNFB-induced Wistar rats, Balb/c and ICR mice | (↓) scratching (↓) ear thickness (↓) substance P (pruritus related) | [43] | |
| KRG, Rh2, Rg3 | TNCB-treated NC/Nga mice | (↓) TNF-α, IL-4, IFN-γ scratching (↓) IgE in serum |
[10] |
| Gintonin | DNFB-induced NC/Nga mice | (↓) ear thickness, (↓) IL-4, IFN-γ (↓) ear thickness histamine (↓) IgE in serum (↓) plasma ATX | [45] |
| CG | DNCB-induced NC/Nga mice TNF-α– and IFN--γ–induced HaCaT cells |
(↓) IgE in serum (↓) IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, TNF-α, IFN-γ (↓) ear thickness (↓) immune cells infiltration | [44] |
| (↓) TARC | [44] | ||
| GDP | DFE-induced AD-like symptoms in NC/Nga mice | (↓) dermatitis score (↓) ear thickness, (↓) scratching (↓) skin lesion (↓) IL-12, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IFN-γ, GM-CSF (↓) eosinophils and mast cell infiltration | [46] |
| RGE, Rb1, Rg1, Rg3, and Rh1 | IgE crosslinking induced–KU812 cells | (↓) IFN-γ | [47] |
| IFN-γ–induced human epidermal keratinocyte NHEK (NB) | (↓) CCL2 | ||
| Rg3, Rf, Rh2 | IgE crosslinking induced–RBL-2H3 cells anti-DNP IgE/DNP-HSA induced–ICR mouse |
(↓) β-hexosaminidase | [16] |
| LPS induced RAW264.7 cells | (↓) TNF-α, IL-1β, COX-2, IL-4, IFN-γ (↓) ear thickness (↓) COX-2 NO |
[16] |
KRG, Korean red Ginseng; EASI, eczema area and severity index; TNCB, 2,4,6-trinitro-1-chlorobenzene; TEWL, transepidermal water loss; TSLP, thymic stromal lymphopoietin; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor; IL, interleukin; IFN, interferon; DNFB, 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene; TARC, thymus and activation-regulated chemokine; MDC, macrophage-derived chemokine; MIP-1a, macrophage inflammatory protein-1a; MIP-1b, macrophage inflammatory protein-1b; RANTES, regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; PMA, phorbol-myristate acetate; HMC-1, human mast cell line; ATX, plasma autotaxin; CG, cultivated ginseng; GDP, 20-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol; DFE, Dermatophagoides farinae body extract; GM-CSF, granulocyte macrophage colony–stimulating factor; RGE, red ginseng extract; CCL2, chemokine ligand 2; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; NO, nitric oxide.