Table 2.

Comparison of study variables in rats fed a normal chow diet with either Zamzam or tap water for a period of 10 weeks.

	Parameters	Chow diet + Tap water	Chow diet + Zamzam water	P value
1.	Fasting blood glucose (mg/dl)	147.1 ± 26.90	96.5 ± 12.27	*0.00
2.	Serum insulin (μU/l)	1.31 ± 0.88	0.44 ± 0.10	*0.00
3.	HOMA – IR	8.40 ± 5.50	1.89 ± 0.48	*0.00
4.	LDL cholesterol (mg/dl)	0.30 ± 0.04	0.26 ± 0.06	0.12
5.	HDL cholesterol (mg/dl)	0.14 ± 0.03	0.14 ± 0.03	0.99
6.	Superoxide dismutase (U/ml)	0.09 ± 0.01	0.09 ± 0.01	0.50
7.	Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (μmol/l)	0.39 ± 0.09	0.38 ± 0.08	0.80
8.	Pre-test body weight (g)	203.33 ± 34.66	206.67 ± 48.44	0.90
9.	Post-test body weight (g)	363.09 ± 48.04	374.09 ± 31.06	0.53
10.	Weight gain (g)	161.73 ± 44.80	170.45 ± 36.77	0.62
11.	Weight of the fat pads (g)	9.04 ± 4.01	9.56 ± 2.34	0.71
12.	Weight of the carcass (g)	174.0 ± 26.66	178.18 ± 16.27	0.66
13.	Residual body weight (g)	180.04 ± 23.18	186.35 ± 25.77	0.55
14.	Relative weight of the fat pads (g)	2.46 ± 0.94	2.55 ± 0.54	0.79
15.	Relative weight of the carcass (g)	47.87 ± 2.63	47.75 ± 3.97	0.93
16.	Relative residual body weight (g)	49.67 ± 2.41	49.71 ± 4.31	0.98

Values are mean ± standard deviation, *P value < 0.05.

HOMA-IR: Homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance; LDL: Low density lipoprotein; HDL: High density lipoprotein.

Weight gain = Post-test body weight - Pre-test body weight.

Fat pads: mesenteric, retroperitoneal, epididymal, and abdominal fat.

Carcass: musculoskeletal excluding internal organs, fat pads, and tail.

RBM: residual body mass = Total body weight - (weight of carcass + total fat).

Relative weight of the fat pads = Fat pads/body weight *100.

Relative weight of the carcass = Carcass/body weight *100.

Relative residual body weight = residual body weight/body weight *100.