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. 2020 Feb 14;11:196. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00196

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Copyright © 2020 Michael, Langel, Miyazaki, Paim, Chepngeno, Alhamo, Fischer, Srivastava, Kathayat, Deblais, Rajashekara, Saif and Vlasova.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Malnourished pigs had significantly reduced total Ig concentrations in serum and small intestinal contents (SIC) post-VirHRV challenge. Total IgM (A), IgG (B), and IgA (C) concentrations in serum. Total IgM (D), IgG (E), and IgA (F) concentrations in small intestinal contents. Significant differences (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001) are indicated. Gnotobiotic pigs were transplanted with human infant fecal microbiota (HIFM) at 4 days of age. Pigs were fed deficient diet (Deficient) and sufficient diet (Sufficient). All the pigs were orally vaccinated twice with AttHRV on post transplantation day (PTD) 7 and 17, challenged with virulent human rotavirus (VirHRV) on PTD24/PVD17(7)/PCD0 and euthanized on PTD31/PVD24(14)/PCD7. PVD, post 1st (2nd) vaccination day; PCD, post-challenge day.