Figure 3.

Fasting rescues two-hit acute lung injury. (A) Study protocol. Before starting mechanical ventilation (MV), one group of wild type (WT) mice were fasted with free-access of water, while the other was fed ad libitum. Two hours before starting MV, 0.2 mg/kg i.t. LPS was administered. Then, mice were anesthetized and placed on high volume mechanical ventilation (HVV) with tidal volumes of 30 ml/kg with 3 cmH₂O positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) for 2.5 h. (B) The effect of starvation on arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO₂). PaO₂ was measured at 30 and 150 min after starting MV. ^****indicates significant difference (adjusted P < 0.0001), determined by two-way ANOVA followed by Sidak's multiple comparisons test. (C) Lung permeability determined by albumin in BALF. (D) Absolute counts of neutrophils and macrophages in BALF. (E) Cytokine levels determined in BALF. (C–E) *,**,***indicates P < 0.05, P < 0.01, and P < 0.001, respectively, determined by Mann-Whitney U-test. N.S., not significant.