Table 3.

Improvement strategy for ligninolytic enzymes.

Improvement strategy	Improved Characteristics	Reference
novel inducer with agitated submerged cultures	increase in enzyme production	Liebeskind et al. (1990)
Immobilization on electrodes	High electronic transfer	Gutierrez et al. (2012)
PEGylation	Improved thermal stability	Lopez et al. (2010)
Immobilization and orientation on MWCNT electrodes	Efficient electron transfer	Lalaoui et al. (2016)
Chemical modification of laccase amino acid residues with TDO and L-PME	Improved laccase activity and stability	Chen et al. (2016)
Substrate binding-pocket engineering	Improved catalytic efficiency	Gupta and Farinas (2009)
Heterologous expression	High redox potential laccase and thermal stability	Pinar et al. (2017)
Genetic engineering and purification	Enzymes orientated immobilization	Balland et al. (2008)
Codon optimization, heterologous expression, and computational analysis	Enhanced laccase production and substrate affinity	Rivera-Hoyos et al. (2013)
Heterologous expression, recombinant expression, and affinity chromatography	Improvement in production, time, and cost	Lambertz et al. (2016)
Immobilization and orientation on MWCNT electrodes	Efficient electron transfer	Lalaoui et al. (2016)
Solid-state and submerged fermentation	Production cost and optimization	Vantamuri and Kaliwal (2015)