Table 4. Pharmacokinetic parameters of vitamin C after applying vitamin C gel and vitamin C gel with the vibrating microneedles (^*p < 0.05).

PK parameters	Vitamin C gel	Vitamin C gel with pretreatment of vibrating microneedles
Cmax (µg/mL)	66.9 ± 19.0	96.2 ± 34.1
T1/2 (h)	6.3 ± 1.3	8.1 ± 1.9
Tmax (h)	1.0	1.0
AUC0–∞ (µg·h/mL)	843.4 ± 218.6	1136.5 ± 340.0
MRT (h)	9.8 ± 0.5	12.0 ± 1.5*