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. 2020 Feb 14;11:222. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00222

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Copyright © 2020 Alsaleh and Brown.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

PMC Copyright notice

Potential mechanisms underlying engineered nanomaterial-mediated induction and/or exacerbation of type I allergic hypersensitivity reactions. This highlights four potential mechanisms that could explain ENM-induced allergic hypersensitivity reactions. These are highlighted in colored boxes: interaction with/activation of the (1) complement system, (2) inflammasome activation, (3) APCs, and (4) Th2-type effector cells. ENM, engineered nanomaterials; APCs, antigen presenting cells; Th2, T-helper-2; IgE, immunoglobulin E; C3a, complement component 3a; C4a, complement component 4a; C5a, complement component 5a.