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Aggressive and non-aggressive social behaviors in male and female hamsters following 3, 6 or 9 weeks of photoperiodic treatment. (A,D) Number of attacks; (B,E) attack duration; and (C,F) frequency of anogenital sniffing in male (A–C) and female (D–F) LD hamsters, SD-R hamsters and SD-NR hamsters. Bars represent means±s.e.m. (LD: N=9, SD-R: N=9, SD-NR: N=8, for both males and females). Bars with different letters represent statistically different group means (P<0.05; mixed model ANOVA).
