Table 1.
Participant Characteristics Stratified by Assignment Into the Derivation or Validation Data Set
| Characteristicsa | Data Setb | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Derivation (n=2511) | Validation (n=506) | ||
| Study cohort, % | 0.977 | ||
| CARDIA study | 25.9 | 26.9 | |
| JHS | 35.3 | 35.0 | |
| IDH study | 13.1 | 12.8 | |
| MHT study | 25.6 | 25.3 | |
| Age, y | 51.9 (11.8) | 51.6 (12.5) | 0.587 |
| Men, % | 37.4 | 37.7 | 0.908 |
| Race/ethnicity, % | 0.598 | ||
| White | 34.9 | 37.2 | |
| Black | 56.7 | 55.9 | |
| Asian or Pacific Islander | 2.15 | 1.58 | |
| Other | 6.25 | 5.34 | |
| High school graduate, % | 90.3 | 91.2 | 0.568 |
| Smoking habits, % | 0.125 | ||
| Current | 11.0 | 8.38 | |
| Former | 20.7 | 23.4 | |
| Never | 68.3 | 68.3 | |
| Alcohol use, % | 65.2 | 69.5 | 0.073 |
| Sleep duration, h | 7.53 (1.68) | 7.56 (1.59) | 0.662 |
| Neck circumference, cm | 37.2 (4.27) | 37.1 (4.16) | 0.663 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 95.2 (15.8) | 94.5 (15.9) | 0.346 |
| Weight, kg | 84.8 (19.9) | 84.14 (20.3) | 0.510 |
| Height, cm | 168.3 (9.41) | 168.4 (9.89) | 0.883 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 29.9 (6.46) | 29.6 (6.28) | 0.341 |
| Albumin/creatinine ratio, mg/g | 2.00 (0.94) | 1.93 (0.84) | 0.120 |
| Albuminuria, %b | 6.82 | 5.90 | 0.535 |
| eGFR <60 mL/min per 1.73 m2, % | 3.10 | 4.62 | 0.113 |
| Blood glucose, mg/dL | 98.5 (32.1) | 95.6 (27.0) | 0.037 |
| Diabetes mellitus, % | 16.3 | 15.5 | 0.672 |
| High‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, mg/dL | 56.1 (16.6) | 57.5 (16.0) | 0.071 |
| Low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, mg/dL | 117.9 (35.5) | 113.9 (33.2) | 0.019 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 195.1 (39.6) | 191.8 (37.1) | 0.079 |
| Heart rate while awake, beats/min | 78.3 (10.4) | 77.3 (10.4) | 0.055 |
| Antihypertensive medication use, % | 31.7 | 31.3 | 0.899 |
| Conventional hypertensionc | 37.4 | 37.5 | 36.7 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | |||
| Clinic | 121.8 (16.4) | 121.6 (15.7) | 0.832 |
| Sleep | 113.8 (15.3) | 112.6 (15.2) | 0.129 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | |||
| Clinic | 75.1 (9.55) | 75.4 (9.75) | 0.451 |
| Sleep | 65.9 (9.23) | 65.6 (9.54) | 0.648 |
| Nocturnal hypertension, %d | 39.7 | 36.6 | 0.209 |
| Nondipping systolic blood pressure, %e | 44.9 | 44.5 | 0.902 |
CARDIA indicates Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; IDH, Improving the Detection of Hypertension; JHS, Jackson Heart Study; MHT, Masked Hypertension.
Table values are mean (SD) and percentage for continuous and categorical variables, respectively.
Albuminuria was defined as a urinary albumin/urinary creatinine ratio ≥30 mg/g.
Conventional hypertension was defined as having a systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg or currently taking antihypertensive medication.
Nocturnal hypertension was defined as having a mean systolic blood pressure ≥120 mm Hg or mean diastolic blood pressure ≥70 mm Hg while asleep.
Nondipping systolic blood pressure was defined as decline in mean systolic blood pressure from wakefulness to asleep <10%.