Table 2.
Cox Regression Models of MACE at 1‐ and 4 Years of Follow‐Up
| Variables | 1‐Year of Follow‐Up | 4 Years of Follow‐Up | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model #1 HR (95% CI) | Model #2 HR (95% CI) | Model #1 HR (95% CI) | Model #2 HR (95% CI) | |
| Age, y | ||||
| 45–64 | 1.44 (1.38–1.50) | 1.47 (1.41–1.54) | 1.32 (1.28–1.35) | 1.35 (1.31–1.38) |
| 75–84 | 2.17 (2.08–2.25) | 2.26 (2.16–2.35) | 2.15 (2.10–2.21) | 2.24 (2.18–2.30) |
| ≥85 | 3.50 (3.33–3.67) | 3.71 (3.53–3.91) | 3.71 (3.59–3.83) | 3.92 (3.79–4.06) |
| Female | 0.80 (0.78–0.83) | 0.81 (0.79–0.84) | 0.79 (0.78–0.81) | 0.80 (0.79–0.82) |
| Vascular beds (RFO as referent) | ||||
| CAD only | 1.71 (1.64–1.78) | 1.50 (1.43–1.57) | 1.57 (1.53–1.61) | 1.36 (1.33–1.40) |
| CVD only | 2.21 (2.10–2.33) | 2.05 (1.95–2.17) | 1.79 (1.73–1.85) | 1.66 (1.60–1.72) |
| PAD only | 1.38 (1.32–1.45) | 1.28 (1.22–1.35) | 1.31 (1.27–1.35) | 1.21 (1.17–1.24) |
| CAD+CVD | 3.56 (3.25–3.90) | 2.68 (2.44–2.94) | 2.68 (2.51–2.86) | 2.01 (1.88–2.15) |
| CAD+PAD | 2.52 (2.34–2.73) | 1.83 (1.69–1.98) | 2.20 (2.09–2.31) | 1.61 (1.53–1.70) |
| CVD+PAD | 2.82 (2.53–3.13) | 2.29 (2.05–2.55) | 2.36 (2.20–2.54) | 1.94 (1.80–2.09) |
| CAD+CVD+PAD | 4.38 (3.75–5.10) | 2.82 (2.41–3.29) | 3.30 (2.97–3.68) | 2.16 (1.94–2.41) |
| Risk factors | ||||
| Diabetes mellitus | ··· | 1.25 (1.20–1.30) | ··· | 1.17 (1.14–1.20) |
| Diabetic nephropathy | ··· | 1.27 (1.17–1.37) | ··· | 1.25 (1.19–1.31) |
| Carotid stenosis | ··· | 1.13 (1.08–1.18) | ··· | 1.09 (1.06–1.12) |
| Hypertension with treatment | ··· | 1.16 (1.06–1.26) | ··· | 1.16 (1.09–1.22) |
| Hypercholesterolemia | ··· | 0.88 (0.81–0.95) | ··· | 0.91 (0.87–0.96) |
| Smoker | ··· | 1.56 (1.47–1.65) | ··· | 1.47 (1.42–1.53) |
| Medications | ||||
| ACEI or ARB | ··· | 0.94 (0.91–0.97) | ··· | 0.93 (0.91–0.95) |
| β‐blocker | ··· | 1.29 (1.25–1.33) | ··· | 1.24 (1.22–1.27) |
| Calcium channel blocker | ··· | 1.13 (1.10–1.17) | ··· | 1.14 (1.12–1.17) |
| Diuretics | ··· | 1.07 (1.04–1.10) | ··· | 1.05 (1.03–1.08) |
| Statin | ··· | 0.87 (0.80–0.93) | ··· | 0.84 (0.80–0.88) |
| P2Y12 inhibitor | ··· | 1.49 (1.43–1.54) | ··· | 1.51 (1.48–1.55) |
| Oral anticoagulant | ··· | 1.04 (0.99–1.08) | ··· | 1.05 (1.02–1.08) |
| Metformin | ··· | 0.88 (0.84–0.91) | ··· | 0.91 (0.89–0.94) |
| α‐glucosidase inhibitor | ··· | 1.37 (1.06–1.79) | ··· | 1.10 (0.91–1.32) |
| DPP4 inhibitors | ··· | 0.97 (0.91–1.03) | ··· | 0.98 (0.94–1.02) |
| GLP1 agonists | ··· | 0.76 (0.68–0.85) | ··· | 0.80 (0.75–0.86) |
| SGLT2 inhibitors | ··· | 1.00 (0.78–1.28) | ··· | 0.95 (0.81–1.11) |
| Sulphonylureas or glinides | ··· | 1.24 (1.18–1.29) | ··· | 1.21 (1.18–1.25) |
| Thiazolidinediones | ··· | 0.89 (0.82–0.98) | ··· | 0.92 (0.87–0.98) |
| Insulin | ··· | 1.74 (1.67–1.82) | ··· | 1.76 (1.71–1.81) |
ACEI or ARB indicates angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker; CAD, coronary artery disease; CVD, cerebrovascular disease; DPP4, dipeptidyl peptidase IV; GLP‐1, glucagon‐like peptide‐1; HR, hazard ratio; MACE, major adverse cardiovascular event; PAD, peripheral artery disease; RFO, risk factors only; SGLT2, sodium∕glucose cotransporter member 2.