Table 4.
Prediction performance results of ten cognitive scores of six time points based on MRI features.
| Ridge | Lasso | TGL | cFSGL | GFL-SGL | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Score: ADAS | |||||
| nMSE | 10.122 ± 1.4156∗ | 6.7689 ± 0.7698∗ | 6.2740 ± 0.7861 | 6.3092 ± 0.6991∗ | 6.1389 ± 0.6951 |
| wR | 0.5638 ± 0.0509∗ | 0.6237 ± 0.0541∗ | 0.6628 ± 0.0561 | 0.6560 ± 0.0486∗ | 0.6658 ± 0.0469 |
| BL rMSE | 7.6553 ± 0.5576 | 6.8217 ± 0.4238 | 6.7275 ± 0.4298 | 6.7151 ± 0.4275 | 6.6479 ± 0.5045 |
| M6 rMSE | 9.1778 ± 1.2467 | 7.9602 ± 0.8484 | 7.7637 ± 0.9345 | 7.6846 ± 0.9493 | 7.6994 ± 0.9357 |
| M12 rMSE | 9.7212 ± 1.0986 | 8.7050 ± 0.8651 | 8.3822 ± 0.9401 | 8.4646 ± 1.0594 | 8.4076 ± 1.0478 |
| M24 rMSE | 11.676 ± 1.6463 | 10.191 ± 1.2914 | 9.6773 ± 1.6308 | 9.7859 ± 1.6170 | 9.4808 ± 1.6224 |
| M36 rMSE | 12.772 ± 2.4262 | 9.4852 ± 1.3806 | 8.9110 ± 1.3356 | 8.9313 ± 1.3762 | 8.7939 ± 1.2987 |
| M48 rMSE | 20.433 ± 2.6163 | 9.0161 ± 2.3381 | 8.2041 ± 1.1869 | 8.6279 ± 2.0852 | 8.0947 ± 1.6669 |
|
| |||||
| Score: MMSE | |||||
| nMSE | 10.447 ± 1.4590∗ | 2.5284 ± 0.2230∗ | 2.4911 ± 0.1411∗ | 2.5048 ± 0.1772∗ | 2.3975 ± 0.2140 |
| wR | 0.4188 ± 0.0530∗ | 0.5720 ± 0.0498∗ | 0.5898 ± 0.0431∗ | 0.5878 ± 0.0449∗ | 0.5975 ± 0.0425 |
| BL rMSE | 2.6943 ± 0.1767 | 2.2001 ± 0.1349 | 2.2204 ± 0.1367 | 2.1729 ± 0.1505 | 2.1478 ± 0.1159 |
| M6 rMSE | 3.5136 ± 0.3413 | 2.8571 ± 0.2697 | 2.8260 ± 0.2875 | 2.8069 ± 0.2882 | 2.7682 ± 0.2470 |
| M12 rMSE | 3.9044 ± 0.2313 | 3.2128 ± 0.3301 | 3.1438 ± 0.3328 | 3.1558 ± 0.3650 | 3.1375 ± 0.3660 |
| M24 rMSE | 5.0192 ± 0.6956 | 3.8663 ± 0.6975 | 3.8171 ± 0.7064 | 3.8316 ± 0.6355 | 3.8371 ± 0.7620 |
| M36 rMSE | 5.7022 ± 0.5505 | 3.2518 ± 0.8592 | 3.2732 ± 0.8106 | 3.4828 ± 0.6365 | 3.1914 ± 0.8230 |
| M48 rMSE | 29.958 ± 0.7233 | 4.0539 ± 0.7097 | 4.0077 ± 0.8089 | 3.8018 ± 0.9474 | 3.5517 ± 0.6933 |
|
| |||||
| Score: RAVLT.TOTAL | |||||
| nMSE | 17.139 ± 1.2384∗ | 9.7932 ± 0.9119∗ | 9.1381 ± 0.8168∗ | 8.9621 ± 0.9867 | 8.7825 ± 0.9241 |
| wR | 0.4059 ± 0.0510∗ | 0.4989 ± 0.0587∗ | 0.5390 ± 0.0603 | 0.5498 ± 0.0533 | 0.5512 ± 0.0558 |
| BL rMSE | 11.404 ± 0.7043 | 9.8789 ± 0.9286 | 9.6628 ± 0.9091 | 9.6980 ± 0.7418 | 9.5445 ± 0.6940 |
| M6 rMSE | 11.828 ± 1.1623 | 10.210 ± 1.2512 | 9.9696 ± 1.1915 | 10.079 ± 1.1682 | 9.8337 ± 1.2773 |
| M12 rMSE | 13.027 ± 0.9974 | 11.457 ± 0.9096 | 10.945 ± 1.1063 | 10.865 ± 1.3290 | 10.788 ± 1.2737 |
| M24 rMSE | 14.647 ± 1.4006 | 12.330 ± 1.4231 | 11.997 ± 1.5765 | 11.756 ± 1.6851 | 11.740 ± 1.5374 |
| M36 rMSE | 15.899 ± 2.2567 | 11.512 ± 1.5268 | 10.640 ± 1.2792 | 10.331 ± 1.5089 | 10.306 ± 1.5535 |
| M48 rMSE | 41.462 ± 3.4404 | 12.728 ± 1.5048 | 13.105 ± 2.8874 | 11.333 ± 2.0937 | 11.803 ± 2.5033 |
|
| |||||
| Score: RAVLT.TOT6 | |||||
| nMSE | 3.9829 ± 0.4397∗ | 2.9663 ± 0.1909∗ | 2.8853 ± 0.2057∗ | 2.8546 ± 0.1867 | 2.8198 ± 0.1772 |
| wR | 0.4528 ± 0.0703∗ | 0.5213 ± 0.0803∗ | 0.5412 ± 0.0682∗ | 0.5458 ± 0.0687∗ | 0.5541 ± 0.0730 |
| BL rMSE | 3.6885 ± 0.3741 | 3.2944 ± 0.2617 | 3.2949 ± 0.2611 | 3.2756 ± 0.2885 | 3.2540 ± 0.2390 |
| M6 rMSE | 3.4704 ± 0.3949 | 3.1592 ± 0.3443 | 3.1628 ± 0.2939 | 3.1386 ± 0.3116 | 3.1270 ± 0.2841 |
| M12 rMSE | 3.8384 ± 0.2676 | 3.4284 ± 0.2262 | 3.4271 ± 0.2632 | 3.4094 ± 0.2808 | 3.3763 ± 0.2575 |
| M24 rMSE | 4.0656 ± 0.3758 | 3.6252 ± 0.3469 | 3.5826 ± 0.3581 | 3.5894 ± 0.3360 | 3.5592 ± 0.3293 |
| M36 rMSE | 4.3074 ± 0.7174 | 3.5169 ± 0.3667 | 3.3890 ± 0.3799 | 3.3799 ± 0.3926 | 3.3557 ± 0.3799 |
| M48 rMSE | 7.4599 ± 1.0656 | 4.5834 ± 0.6969 | 3.7902 ± 0.7846 | 3.7275 ± 0.7056 | 3.7694 ± 0.7746 |
|
| |||||
| Score: RAVLT.T30 | |||||
| nMSE | 3.9392 ± 0.3946∗ | 3.0595 ± 0.2012∗ | 2.9876 ± 0.1950 | 2.9706 ± 0.2044 | 2.9358 ± 0.1919 |
| wR | 0.4580 ± 0.0609∗ | 0.5255 ± 0.0730∗ | 0.5384 ± 0.0679 | 0.5422 ± 0.0647 | 0.5474 ± 0.0646 |
| BL rMSE | 3.7877 ± 0.3069 | 3.4076 ± 0.2595 | 3.4176 ± 0.2485 | 3.4034 ± 0.2806 | 3.3806 ± 0.2491 |
| M6 rMSE | 3.4750 ± 0.3531 | 3.1839 ± 0.3380 | 3.2095 ± 0.2593 | 3.1991 ± 0.2871 | 3.1496 ± 0.3013 |
| M12 rMSE | 3.9611 ± 0.4480 | 3.6673 ± 0.3242 | 3.6343 ± 0.3799 | 3.6173 ± 0.3800 | 3.5943 ± 0.3790 |
| M24 rMSE | 4.2027 ± 0.5011 | 3.8070 ± 0.4648 | 3.7570 ± 0.4051 | 3.7562 ± 0.4151 | 3.7389 ± 0.4429 |
| M36 rMSE | 4.2142 ± 0.5102 | 3.5049 ± 0.4595 | 3.3604 ± 0.4241 | 3.3473 ± 0.4327 | 3.3852 ± 0.4545 |
| M48 rMSE | 7.1834 ± 0.8145 | 4.5537 ± 0.6315 | 4.0102 ± 0.4413 | 4.0900 ± 0.5064 | 4.0727 ± 0.5386 |
|
| |||||
| Score: RAVLT.RECOG | |||||
| nMSE | 6.2754 ± 1.2306∗ | 3.4921 ± 0.3325∗ | 3.2186 ± 0.2953 | 3.2282 ± 0.2992 | 3.2314 ± 0.2654 |
| wR | 0.3496 ± 0.0851∗ | 0.4583 ± 0.0793∗ | 0.4993 ± 0.0779 | 0.5075 ± 0.0738 | 0.5058 ± 0.0799 |
| BL rMSE | 4.3887 ± 0.4210 | 3.6494 ± 0.2993 | 3.5990 ± 0.3647 | 3.5721 ± 0.3709 | 3.5653 ± 0.3386 |
| M6 rMSE | 4.4959 ± 0.3686 | 3.7470 ± 0.2412 | 3.6722 ± 0.2928 | 3.6616 ± 0.2995 | 3.6627 ± 0.2815 |
| M12 rMSE | 4.6874 ± 0.3574 | 3.7850 ± 0.2889 | 3.7034 ± 0.3521 | 3.7178 ± 0.2935 | 3.6942 ± 0.3141 |
| M24 rMSE | 4.8253 ± 0.4029 | 3.9168 ± 0.2251 | 3.7518 ± 0.2771 | 3.8103 ± 0.2391 | 3.8058 ± 0.2488 |
| M36 rMSE | 5.4178 ± 0.6548 | 3.8073 ± 0.2366 | 3.6448 ± 0.2966 | 3.6962 ± 0.1616 | 3.7372 ± 0.1837 |
| M48 rMSE | 12.411 ± 0.9035 | 5.1582 ± 1.0963 | 3.9023 ± 0.8880 | 3.7995 ± 0.8998 | 3.9423 ± 0.7025 |
|
| |||||
| Score: FLU.ANIM | |||||
| nMSE | 9.6435 ± 1.1387∗ | 5.2513 ± 0.7213∗ | 5.1293 ± 0.6597∗ | 4.9992 ± 0.6243 | 4.9478 ± 0.6151 |
| wR | 0.2872 ± 0.0942∗ | 0.3858 ± 0.0834∗ | 0.4212 ± 0.0895∗ | 0.4433 ± 0.0839 | 0.4406 ± 0.0840 |
| BL rMSE | 6.3878 ± 0.6423 | 5.2970 ± 0.5354 | 5.3535 ± 0.4841 | 5.1972 ± 0.5149 | 5.2026 ± 0.4857 |
| M6 rMSE | 6.1380 ± 0.5975 | 5.3040 ± 0.4995 | 5.3207 ± 0.4732 | 5.2175 ± 0.4797 | 5.1951 ± 0.4563 |
| M12 rMSE | 6.6219 ± 0.7800 | 5.7413 ± 0.8672 | 5.6134 ± 0.7977 | 5.5704 ± 0.8052 | 5.5303 ± 0.7929 |
| M24 rMSE | 7.2828 ± 0.9366 | 5.8387 ± 0.7492 | 5.7844 ± 0.6280 | 5.7839 ± 0.7570 | 5.6815 ± 0.7035 |
| M36 rMSE | 7.8427 ± 1.4361 | 5.6450 ± 0.6733 | 5.3599 ± 0.7423 | 5.3988 ± 0.8188 | 5.3655 ± 0.6841 |
| M48 rMSE | 20.613 ± 1.8524 | 6.2549 ± 1.6986 | 5.7005 ± 1.3167 | 5.7501 ± 1.5019 | 5.9240 ± 1.4382 |
|
| |||||
| Score: FLU.VEG | |||||
| nMSE | 6.6621 ± 0.8499∗ | 3.5364 ± 0.3463∗ | 3.4061 ± 0.2879 | 3.3593 ± 0.3146 | 3.3575 ± 0.2867 |
| wR | 0.3726 ± 0.0730∗ | 0.4934 ± 0.0830∗ | 0.5257 ± 0.0781 | 0.5357 ± 0.0746 | 0.5356 ± 0.0777 |
| BL rMSE | 4.4121 ± 0.3082 | 3.7115 ± 0.2221 | 3.6980 ± 0.2387 | 3.6464 ± 0.2179 | 3.6368 ± 0.2016 |
| M6 rMSE | 4.7036 ± 0.1969 | 3.8593 ± 0.2589 | 3.8617 ± 0.2075 | 3.8033 ± 0.2318 | 3.7892 ± 0.2294 |
| M12 rMSE | 5.0566 ± 0.4772 | 3.9568 ± 0.4941 | 3.9319 ± 0.4757 | 3.9226 ± 0.4542 | 3.9267 ± 0.4761 |
| M24 rMSE | 5.2146 ± 0.4402 | 4.2580 ± 0.4104 | 4.1408 ± 0.3444 | 4.1677 ± 0.4192 | 4.1908 ± 0.4275 |
| M36 rMSE | 6.4334 ± 0.7933 | 4.4230 ± 0.3982 | 4.2656 ± 0.3702 | 4.2445 ± 0.4263 | 4.2392 ± 0.3829 |
| M48 rMSE | 13.882 ± 1.4535 | 4.9607 ± 1.4253 | 3.9822 ± 1.3527 | 3.9887 ± 1.4023 | 4.0292 ± 1.4371 |
|
| |||||
| Score: TRAILS.A | |||||
| nMSE | 33.513 ± 3.8491∗ | 23.711 ± 1.8805 | 22.756 ± 1.5155 | 23.151 ± 1.5754 | 23.349 ± 1.5768 |
| wR | 0.3572 ± 0.0769∗ | 0.3740 ± 0.0658∗ | 0.4219 ± 0.0682 | 0.4122 ± 0.0688 | 0.3965 ± 0.0704 |
| BL rMSE | 25.942 ± 3.8665 | 23.421 ± 4.0061 | 23.039 ± 3.6598 | 23.258 ± 3.7233 | 23.443 ± 3.8347 |
| M6 rMSE | 28.290 ± 4.4832 | 25.328 ± 3.6847 | 25.021 ± 3.3715 | 25.198 ± 3.5600 | 25.634 ± 3.3660 |
| M12 rMSE | 27.665 ± 3.8961 | 25.043 ± 3.4997 | 24.493 ± 3.3011 | 24.675 ± 3.3022 | 24.882 ± 3.2310 |
| M24 rMSE | 31.805 ± 4.1087 | 28.384 ± 3.0384 | 27.845 ± 3.2106 | 28.073 ± 3.1074 | 27.855 ± 3.0427 |
| M36 rMSE | 33.414 ± 8.1383 | 24.980 ± 7.0999 | 23.996 ± 5.2222 | 24.162 ± 5.9112 | 24.247 ± 6.0955 |
| M48 rMSE | 53.906 ± 14.730 | 28.256 ± 16.054 | 26.493 ± 12.132 | 26.870 ± 11.598 | 25.241 ± 11.862 |
|
| |||||
| Score: TRAILS.B | |||||
| nMSE | 94.882 ± 9.6015∗ | 68.077 ± 6.4277∗ | 64.789 ± 5.9269 | 63.707 ± 6.2629 | 63.604 ± 5.5813 |
| wR | 0.3837 ± 0.0509∗ | 0.4383 ± 0.0618∗ | 0.4845 ± 0.0565 | 0.4809 ± 0.0669 | 0.4858 ± 0.0595 |
| BL rMSE | 77.907 ± 6.5622 | 70.051 ± 4.5144 | 69.947 ± 4.9343 | 69.032 ± 3.8304 | 69.154 ± 4.0030 |
| M6 rMSE | 83.326 ± 7.1076 | 74.327 ± 4.2985 | 72.514 ± 3.4677 | 71.401 ± 4.4814 | 71.756 ± 4.9096 |
| M12 rMSE | 81.130 ± 8.9465 | 72.901 ± 6.0166 | 70.604 ± 5.8510 | 70.777 ± 6.4053 | 70.815 ± 5.7209 |
| M24 rMSE | 89.969 ± 13.035 | 77.722 ± 8.9225 | 73.456 ± 9.3979 | 73.950 ± 8.5186 | 73.460 ± 9.2281 |
| M36 rMSE | 100.25 ± 21.732 | 80.934 ± 26.923 | 78.130 ± 24.536 | 78.242 ± 27.867 | 77.639 ± 23.797 |
| M48 rMSE | 134.89 ± 29.881 | 67.923 ± 29.604 | 68.356 ± 11.968 | 65.858 ± 24.964 | 63.491 ± 18.188 |
Note that the best results are boldfaced. The superscript symbol “∗” indicates that GFL-SGL significantly outperformed that method on that score. Paired t-test at a level of 0.05 was used.