Table 6.
Prediction performance results of ten cognitive scores of four time points based on multimodality features.
| Method | TGL | cFSGL | GFL-SGL | TGL | cFSGL | GFL-SGL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Score: ADAS | ||||||
| MRI | PET | |||||
| nMSE | 4.5264 ± 0.6382∗ | 4.4109 ± 0.5918∗ | 4.6987 ± 0.7419∗ | 4.6438 ± 0.6733∗ | 4.4061 ± 0.6413∗ | 4.4294 ± 0.6974∗ |
| wR | 0.6806 ± 0.0877∗ | 0.6806 ± 0.0853∗ | 0.6692 ± 0.0897∗ | 0.6792 ± 0.0716∗ | 0.6940 ± 0.0755∗ | 0.6997 ± 0.0842∗ |
| BL rMSE | 6.3971 ± 1.1270 | 6.3670 ± 1.0509 | 6.5227 ± 1.3104 | 6.5252 ± 1.4146 | 6.3755 ± 1.3076 | 6.3614 ± 1.3953 |
| M12 rMSE | 5.8845 ± 1.1703 | 5.8519 ± 1.0680 | 6.0360 ± 1.1920 | 6.0747 ± 1.2560 | 5.8881 ± 1.0507 | 5.8035 ± 1.0189 |
| M24 rMSE | 5.2531 ± 0.9237 | 5.2829 ± 0.9966 | 5.4175 ± 0.9846 | 5.4755 ± 1.0622 | 5.2970 ± 1.0386 | 5.2901 ± 0.9836 |
| M36 rMSE | 5.6362 ± 1.4445 | 4.5437 ± 1.5677 | 5.0457 ± 1.8708 | 4.4315 ± 1.8231 | 4.2938 ± 1.5977 | 5.0727 ± 2.0042 |
|
| ||||||
| Score: ADAS | ||||||
| MP | MPCD | |||||
| nMSE | 4.3771 ± 0.8225∗ | 4.0380 ± 0.5282∗ | 3.8140 ± 0.7056∗ | 4.1169 ± 0.5791∗ | 3.9251 ± 0.4846∗ | 3.7255 ± 0.6441 |
| wR | 0.7140 ± 0.0756∗ | 0.7178 ± 0.0717∗ | 0.7400 ± 0.0942 | 0.7222 ± 0.0633∗ | 0.7267 ± 0.0633∗ | 0.7477 ± 0.0842 |
| BL rMSE | 6.1640 ± 1.0841 | 6.1365 ± 1.0937 | 5.9200 ± 1.0238 | 6.0910 ± 1.1327 | 6.0447 ± 1.1147 | 5.8632 ± 1.0630 |
| M12 rMSE | 5.6180 ± 0.9929 | 5.5713 ± 0.9659 | 5.2731 ± 0.7940 | 5.5036 ± 1.0018 | 5.5110 ± 0.9877 | 5.2172 ± 0.7874 |
| M24 rMSE | 5.3149 ± 0.9609 | 5.0187 ± 0.9873 | 4.7865 ± 0.7474 | 5.1299 ± 1.0265 | 4.9841 ± 1.0004 | 4.7442 ± 0.7253 |
| M36 rMSE | 6.1291 ± 1.7931 | 4.3765 ± 1.5989 | 5.1638 ± 1.6369 | 5.4648 ± 1.8165 | 4.2363 ± 1.2992 | 5.0341 ± 1.5739 |
|
| ||||||
| Score: MMSE | ||||||
| MRI | PET | |||||
| nMSE | 1.9059 ± 0.3673∗ | 1.5544 ± 0.1589∗ | 1.5446 ± 0.1709∗ | 2.0863 ± 0.9497∗ | 1.8916 ± 0.4145∗ | 1.5699 ± 0.1326∗ |
| wR | 0.4737 ± 0.1132∗ | 0.5449 ± 0.1009∗ | 0.5383 ± 0.1014∗ | 0.4988 ± 0.0906∗ | 0.5233 ± 0.0813∗ | 0.5270 ± 0.0843∗ |
| BL rMSE | 1.9866 ± 0.2782 | 1.8715 ± 0.3253 | 1.9085 ± 0.3409 | 2.0294 ± 0.3362 | 1.9772 ± 0.3649 | 1.8974 ± 0.3600 |
| M12 rMSE | 1.9969 ± 0.4054 | 1.7781 ± 0.2863 | 1.7843 ± 0.2764 | 1.9950 ± 0.4867 | 1.9040 ± 0.2725 | 1.8229 ± 0.2912 |
| M24 rMSE | 1.8220 ± 0.4220 | 1.6044 ± 0.2843 | 1.5656 ± 0.3140 | 1.9738 ± 0.7546 | 1.7230 ± 0.2846 | 1.5950 ± 0.2976 |
| M36 rMSE | 1.9900 ± 1.0439 | 1.6339 ± 0.5279 | 1.4005 ± 0.4729 | 1.9142 ± 0.8379 | 2.3950 ± 2.0477 | 1.3472 ± 0.4827 |
|
| ||||||
| Score: MMSE | ||||||
| MP | MPCD | |||||
| nMSE | 1.7323 ± 0.3153∗ | 1.5056 ± 0.1055∗ | 1.4386 ± 0.1310∗ | 1.7428 ± 0.4059∗ | 1.5697 ± 0.2846∗ | 1.3881 ± 0.1132 |
| wR | 0.5128 ± 0.0950∗ | 0.5763 ± 0.0969∗ | 0.5743 ± 0.0996∗ | 0.5352 ± 0.0931∗ | 0.5961 ± 0.1005 | 0.5899 ± 0.0882 |
| BL rMSE | 1.9714 ± 0.3393 | 1.8456 ± 0.3451 | 1.8486 ± 0.3119 | 1.9487 ± 0.3099 | 1.8780 ± 0.3308 | 1.8185 ± 0.3082 |
| M12 rMSE | 1.8040 ± 0.2961 | 1.7277 ± 0.2223 | 1.7144 ± 0.2366 | 1.8753 ± 0.4289 | 1.7615 ± 0.2122 | 1.6804 ± 0.2269 |
| M24 rMSE | 1.7497 ± 0.4408 | 1.5849 ± 0.2728 | 1.4954 ± 0.2847 | 1.7516 ± 0.4781 | 1.5927 ± 0.2903 | 1.4702 ± 0.2631 |
| M36 rMSE | 1.8481 ± 0.8608 | 1.5549 ± 0.5338 | 1.3110 ± 0.3568 | 1.6768 ± 0.8175 | 1.5542 ± 0.5532 | 1.2835 ± 0.4067 |
|
| ||||||
| Score: RAVLT.TOTAL | ||||||
| MRI | PET | |||||
| nMSE | 8.0525 ± 0.8185∗ | 7.7486 ± 0.8179∗ | 7.6082 ± 0.6860∗ | 7.9924 ± 0.5839∗ | 7.8193 ± 0.8231∗ | 7.6544 ± 0.7192∗ |
| wR | 0.5989 ± 0.0863∗ | 0.6094 ± 0.0843∗ | 0.6091 ± 0.0790∗ | 0.6060 ± 0.0847∗ | 0.6003 ± 0.0879∗ | 0.6114 ± 0.0853∗ |
| BL rMSE | 9.9809 ± 0.4439 | 9.8006 ± 0.4509 | 9.7251 ± 0.4688 | 9.8305 ± 0.5759 | 9.7743 ± 0.5324 | 9.6843 ± 0.5663 |
| M12 rMSE | 9.8284 ± 0.6685 | 9.6394 ± 0.7234 | 9.5819 ± 0.7833 | 9.8347 ± 0.7366 | 9.7590 ± 0.8969 | 9.6180 ± 0.8630 |
| M24 rMSE | 9.4549 ± 0.7243 | 9.2849 ± 0.7749 | 9.2384 ± 0.6425 | 9.8301 ± 0.9371 | 9.4391 ± 0.9715 | 9.4183 ± 0.9896 |
| M36 rMSE | 9.3364 ± 2.2043 | 8.9823 ± 1.7996 | 8.5631 ± 1.9444 | 7.8316 ± 3.0020 | 8.6391 ± 2.9697 | 8.3481 ± 2.5665 |
|
| ||||||
| Score: RAVLT.TOTAL | ||||||
| MP | MPCD | |||||
| nMSE | 7.4966 ± 0.9717∗ | 7.2046 ± 0.8326∗ | 7.0655 ± 1.1493 | 7.1461 ± 0.8736∗ | 6.7422 ± 1.0602 | 6.6873 ± 0.6733 |
| wR | 0.6350 ± 0.0878∗ | 0.6474 ± 0.0888∗ | 0.6484 ± 0.0880∗ | 0.6617 ± 0.0839 | 0.6785 ± 0.0777 | 0.6749 ± 0.0631 |
| BL rMSE | 9.6097 ± 0.5299 | 9.4845 ± 0.4346 | 9.4516 ± 0.6709 | 9.4001 ± 0.4595 | 9.1793 ± 0.4505 | 9.2208 ± 0.5886 |
| M12 rMSE | 9.6195 ± 0.8968 | 9.2463 ± 0.8042 | 9.1269 ± 0.8163 | 9.3194 ± 0.8020 | 8.8950 ± 0.8305 | 8.8526 ± 0.6871 |
| M24 rMSE | 9.1631 ± 1.0479 | 8.9473 ± 0.9751 | 8.7158 ± 0.9721 | 9.0133 ± 1.1389 | 8.7459 ± 1.2098 | 8.5530 ± 0.8763 |
| M36 rMSE | 7.7625 ± 2.4338 | 8.2418 ± 2.4518 | 7.9290 ± 2.6269 | 7.5097 ± 2.0572 | 7.5204 ± 1.9360 | 7.8103 ± 1.9563 |
|
| ||||||
| Score: RAVLT.TOT6 | ||||||
| MRI | PET | |||||
| nMSE | 2.8868 ± 0.2822∗ | 2.6401 ± 0.3055∗ | 2.6064 ± 0.2727∗ | 2.8255 ± 0.2411∗ | 2.7979 ± 0.3045∗ | 2.6485 ± 0.2487∗ |
| wR | 0.5500 ± 0.0947∗ | 0.5910 ± 0.0924∗ | 0.5944 ± 0.0903∗ | 0.5577 ± 0.0894∗ | 0.5599 ± 0.0931∗ | 0.5890 ± 0.0806∗ |
| BL rMSE | 3.4094 ± 0.2020 | 3.2999 ± 0.1986 | 3.2783 ± 0.1890 | 3.3321 ± 0.1612 | 3.3348 ± 0.2227 | 3.2591 ± 0.2057 |
| M12 rMSE | 3.3799 ± 0.2517 | 3.2278 ± 0.2236 | 3.2090 ± 0.2246 | 3.3612 ± 0.1926 | 3.3499 ± 0.2158 | 3.2439 ± 0.2019 |
| M24 rMSE | 3.3710 ± 0.2493 | 3.1341 ± 0.3127 | 3.1229 ± 0.2896 | 3.3609 ± 0.3845 | 3.2712 ± 0.3592 | 3.2008 ± 0.3248 |
| M36 rMSE | 3.1387 ± 0.9838 | 2.9726 ± 0.8134 | 2.9418 ± 0.8377 | 3.1407 ± 0.5365 | 3.2738 ± 0.5865 | 3.1430 ± 0.6435 |
|
| ||||||
| Score: RAVLT.TOT6 | ||||||
| MP | MPCD | |||||
| nMSE | 2.7875 ± 0.3857∗ | 2.4537 ± 0.3621 | 2.4498 ± 0.3377 | 2.6628 ± 0.3559∗ | 2.4224 ± 0.3332∗ | 2.3788 ± 0.3278 |
| wR | 0.5778 ± 0.1049∗ | 0.6233 ± 0.0978 | 0.6234 ± 0.0970∗ | 0.5975 ± 0.0924∗ | 0.6322 ± 0.0941∗ | 0.6385 ± 0.0945 |
| BL rMSE | 3.3512 ± 0.1991 | 3.1895 ± 0.2325 | 3.1879 ± 0.2241 | 3.2930 ± 0.1280 | 3.1716 ± 0.1708 | 3.1401 ± 0.1625 |
| M12 rMSE | 3.3006 ± 0.2932 | 3.1072 ± 0.2349 | 3.0973 ± 0.2367 | 3.2311 ± 0.3066 | 3.0928 ± 0.2264 | 3.0549 ± 0.2382 |
| M24 rMSE | 3.2935 ± 0.3180 | 2.9931 ± 0.3542 | 2.9989 ± 0.3644 | 3.2161 ± 0.3336 | 2.9747 ± 0.3850 | 2.9621 ± 0.3640 |
| M36 rMSE | 3.1544 ± 0.9584 | 2.8170 ± 0.6229 | 2.8485 ± 0.6632 | 2.8216 ± 0.9254 | 2.7400 ± 0.5987 | 2.7649 ± 0.6387 |
|
| ||||||
| Score: RAVLT.T30 | ||||||
| MRI | PET | |||||
| nMSE | 3.0202 ± 0.2655∗ | 2.8297 ± 0.3403∗ | 2.7928 ± 0.3498∗ | 2.9929 ± 0.4670∗ | 2.9441 ± 0.4039∗ | 2.9405 ± 0.4265∗ |
| wR | 0.5590 ± 0.0615∗ | 0.5861 ± 0.0742∗ | 0.5930 ± 0.0721∗ | 0.5551 ± 0.0787∗ | 0.5692 ± 0.0808∗ | 0.5663 ± 0.0780∗ |
| BL rMSE | 3.5917 ± 0.2374 | 3.5116 ± 0.2514 | 3.4962 ± 0.2530 | 3.5711 ± 0.2889 | 3.5457 ± 0.3032 | 3.5681 ± 0.3175 |
| M12 rMSE | 3.5622 ± 0.2249 | 3.4155 ± 0.2275 | 3.3880 ± 0.2550 | 3.4596 ± 0.3294 | 3.4806 ± 0.2565 | 3.4492 ± 0.2890 |
| M24 rMSE | 3.5364 ± 0.2177 | 3.3545 ± 0.2571 | 3.3244 ± 0.2403 | 3.5668 ± 0.3435 | 3.4654 ± 0.3094 | 3.4536 ± 0.3149 |
| M36 rMSE | 2.8940 ± 1.0197 | 2.8383 ± 1.1163 | 2.8168 ± 1.1970 | 3.2296 ± 1.0962 | 3.2096 ± 1.0170 | 3.2185 ± 1.1173 |
|
| ||||||
| Score: RAVLT.T30 | ||||||
| MP | MPCD | |||||
| nMSE | 2.8661 ± 0.4574∗ | 2.6653 ± 0.4271 | 2.6191 ± 0.4000 | 2.8335 ± 0.4235∗ | 2.6732 ± 0.5128 | 2.5605 ± 0.3929 |
| wR | 0.5811 ± 0.0777∗ | 0.6213 ± 0.0828 | 0.6241 ± 0.0806 | 0.5955 ± 0.0752∗ | 0.6229 ± 0.0907 | 0.6369 ± 0.0820 |
| BL rMSE | 3.5165 ± 0.2941 | 3.4327 ± 0.2917 | 3.4035 ± 0.2899 | 3.4891 ± 0.2710 | 3.4373 ± 0.2959 | 3.3650 ± 0.2547 |
| M12 rMSE | 3.4078 ± 0.3479 | 3.3028 ± 0.2590 | 3.2698 ± 0.2802 | 3.4073 ± 0.3256 | 3.3030 ± 0.3404 | 3.2280 ± 0.2819 |
| M24 rMSE | 3.4425 ± 0.2763 | 3.1974 ± 0.3307 | 3.1882 ± 0.2826 | 3.4122 ± 0.2822 | 3.1894 ± 0.4132 | 3.1638 ± 0.3322 |
| M36 rMSE | 2.9862 ± 1.1763 | 2.7979 ± 1.0262 | 2.7246 ± 1.0379 | 2.9526 ± 1.1659 | 2.7488 ± 1.0675 | 2.6291 ± 0.9136 |
|
| ||||||
| Score: RAVLT.RECOG | ||||||
| MRI | PET | |||||
| nMSE | 2.7632 ± 0.2634∗ | 2.6598 ± 0.2204∗ | 2.6003 ± 0.3379∗ | 2.8033 ± 0.5374∗ | 2.6547 ± 0.4051∗ | 2.6324 ± 0.4138∗ |
| wR | 0.4662 ± 0.1014∗ | 0.4728 ± 0.1037∗ | 0.5035 ± 0.1158∗ | 0.4830 ± 0.1530∗ | 0.4955 ± 0.1426∗ | 0.5053 ± 0.1311∗ |
| BL rMSE | 3.1427 ± 0.2787 | 3.1581 ± 0.3301 | 3.0909 ± 0.3185 | 3.1383 ± 0.3398 | 3.0983 ± 0.3626 | 3.0782 ± 0.3718 |
| M12 rMSE | 3.0770 ± 0.4168 | 3.0286 ± 0.3795 | 2.9733 ± 0.3981 | 3.0581 ± 0.4946 | 2.9974 ± 0.3816 | 2.9664 ± 0.3816 |
| M24 rMSE | 2.9060 ± 0.3237 | 2.7350 ± 0.2852 | 2.7274 ± 0.2901 | 2.9088 ± 0.2768 | 2.7838 ± 0.3548 | 2.7737 ± 0.3809 |
| M36 rMSE | 2.5846 ± 0.7415 | 2.2824 ± 0.5062 | 2.4006 ± 0.5876 | 2.7997 ± 0.7357 | 2.5641 ± 0.3984 | 2.5969 ± 0.8513 |
|
| ||||||
| Score: RAVLT.RECOG | ||||||
| MP | MPCD | |||||
| nMSE | 2.7116 ± 0.3045∗ | 2.5529 ± 0.4180 | 2.4729 ± 0.3549 | 2.7455 ± 0.2660∗ | 2.5057 ± 0.3914 | 2.4583 ± 0.3645 |
| wR | 0.4849 ± 0.1114∗ | 0.5279 ± 0.1193 | 0.5376 ± 0.1176 | 0.4926 ± 0.1136∗ | 0.5351 ± 0.1247 | 0.5419 ± 0.1240 |
| BL rMSE | 3.1454 ± 0.2630 | 3.0738 ± 0.3404 | 3.0246 ± 0.3262 | 3.1666 ± 0.2885 | 3.0441 ± 0.3272 | 3.0206 ± 0.3336 |
| M12 rMSE | 3.0863 ± 0.4539 | 2.9311 ± 0.3865 | 2.8867 ± 0.3795 | 3.0925 ± 0.4455 | 2.9022 ± 0.4169 | 2.8690 ± 0.3839 |
| M24 rMSE | 2.7858 ± 0.3400 | 2.6819 ± 0.2855 | 2.6470 ± 0.2954 | 2.8290 ± 0.3699 | 2.6632 ± 0.3016 | 2.6380 ± 0.3253 |
| M36 rMSE | 2.3208 ± 0.7000 | 2.2783 ± 0.4832 | 2.3415 ± 0.5395 | 2.3693 ± 0.6535 | 2.2978 ± 0.4541 | 2.3546 ± 0.4869 |
Note that the best results are boldfaced. The superscript symbol “±” indicates that GFL-SGL significantly outperformed that method on that score. Paired t-test at a level of 0.05 was used.