Table 9.

Parameters related to the presence of other animals (livestock, non-livestock) close to livestock species as putative risk factors for seropositivity to T. gondii.

Species	Presence of other species, contact with other herds/flocks	Statistically significant	Not statistically significant
Pigs	Presence of dairy cattle	–	6, 25
	Presence of poultry	86	–
	Exposure to wild animals	–	25
	Other livestock	–	6, 25, 55
	Presence of dogs	34, 43, 86	6
Cattle	Presence of sheep/goats/pigs/poultry/canids; number of additional species on farm	97	78
Sheep	Contact with other flocks	50	14
	Grazing with other herds	49	18, 81
	Presence of different species	–	14
	Presence of animals (other than sheep) from other farms	35	14, 18
	Presence of wild animals	–	14
	Presence of cattle	22, 46	14
	Presence of goats	–	14, 35
	Presence of dogs	–	14, 68, 81
	Feeding of dogs with pet food (versus feeding food waste)	68	–
	Presence of wild dogs	–	68
	Presence of poultry	23 (p)	81
	Presence of pigs	–	14, 81
Goats	Common grazing with animals from other herds	49	81
	Presence of sheep	35	–
	Presence of dogs	–	81
	Number of dogs ≤2	68	–
	Feeding of the dogs with pet food/leftovers	–	68
	Dogs have access to water	68 (p)	–
	Dogs have access to facilities	–	68
	Presence of poultry	–	81
	Presence of pigs	–	81
	Presence of wild dogs	–	68
	Presence of other species	35, 96	–
	Solely goats on the farm	26	24
Chicken	Presence of sheep	71	–
	Birth of sheep on property	71	–
	Reproductive disorders in sheep	71	–
Equids	Presence of domestic ruminants	31	102

(p) = protective factor; coding of references: 6 = Alvarado-Esquivel et al. (2014), 14 = Condoleo et al. (2016), 18 = de Barros Correia et al. (2015), 23 = Deksne et al. (2017), 24 = Deng et al. (2016), 25 = Djokic et al. (2016), 26 = Djokic et al. (2014), 31 = Garcia-Bocanegra et al. (2012), 34 = Garcia-Bocanegra et al., 2010a, Garcia-Bocanegra et al., 2010b, 35 = Gazzonis et al. (2015), 43 = Herrero et al. (2016), 46 = Hutchinson et al. (2011), 49 = Kantzoura et al. (2013), 50 = Katzer et al. (2011), 55 = Limon et al. (2017), 68 = Rego et al. (2016), 71 = Sa et al. (2017), 78 = Sun et al. (2015), 81 = Tzanidakis et al. (2012), 86 = Villari et al. (2009), 96 = Bawm et al. (2016), 97 = Fajardo et al. (2013), 102 = Machacova et al. (2014).