Table 12.
Disease and treatment parameters and other factors characterizing herd health and their association with T. gondii seropositivity in livestock.
| Species | Factors | Statistically significant | Not statistically significant |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pigs | Deworming | – | 6, 55 |
| Cannibalism | 65 | 43 | |
| Cattle | Number of pregnancies (0 or 1 versus 3 or more pregnancies) | 79 | – |
| Reproductive disorder | – | 32, 21 | |
| Brucellosis status | – | 32 | |
| Veterinary service | – | 78 | |
| Sheep | No veterinary care | 15 | – |
| Vaccination status (multivariable testing including age) | 46 | – | |
| Anthelmintic treatment | 49 (p) | 68 | |
| Treatment with albendazoles (versus salicylanilides and imidazothiazoles) | 49 (p) | – | |
| Previous history of serial abortions | 61 | – | |
| Unusual episodes of neonatal mortality | 61 | – | |
| Proportion of abortions (high versus low) | 18 | 81 | |
| Occurrence of stillbirths | – | 18 | |
| Occurrence of death at weaning | – | 18 | |
| Neurological problems observed | – | 81 | |
| Number of abortion waves per year | – | 81 | |
| Laboratory investigation of causes of abortion | – | 81 | |
| Reproductive disorder | 15 | 32, 69, 81 | |
| Brucellosis status | – | 32 | |
| Goats | Proportion of abortions | – | 81 |
| Neurological problems observed | – | 81 | |
| Number of abortion waves per year | – | 81 | |
| Laboratory investigation of causes of abortion | – | 81 | |
| Reproductive disorder | – | 32, 81 | |
| Brucellosis status | – | 32 | |
| Anthelmintic treatment | 49 | – | |
| Deworming | 68 (p) | – | |
| Previous history of serial abortions | 61 | – | |
| Unusual episodes of neonatal mortality | 61 | – | |
| Equids | Vaccination (tetanus, influenza) | 104 (p) | – |
| Use of embryo transfer | 104 (p) | – |
(p) = protective factor; coding of references: 6 = Alvarado-Esquivel et al. (2014), 15 = Cosendey-KezenLeite et al. (2014), 18 = de Barros Correia et al. (2015), 21 = de Souza et al. (2016); 32 = Garcia-Bocanegra et al. (2013), 43 = Herrero et al. (2016); 46 = Hutchinson et al. (2011), 49 = Kantzoura et al. (2013), 55 = Limon et al. (2017), 61 = Mainar et al. (1996), 65 = Ortega-Pacheco et al. (2013); 68 = Rego et al. (2016), 69 = Rizzo et al. (2017), 78 = Sun et al. (2015); 79 = Tan et al. (2015); 81 = Tzanidakis et al. (2012), 104 = Ribeiro et al. (2016).