Table 8.
English language grey literature reports of country level surveillance or regulations pertaining to Echinococcus multilocularis in canids, humans, or environment (2008–2018).
| Title | Author, year | Report type | Host/source | Case definition(s) | Reportable/notifiable | Diagnostic method(s) | Prevalence % (95%CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Scientific and technical assistance on Echinococcus multilocularis infection in animals | EFSA, 2012 | Health system protocol | Canids | Any definitive host animal confirmed positive for E. multilocularis based on the results of the diagnostic tests described in Annex II of Regulation (EU) No 1152/2011 and having epidemiological information consistent with infection in the country | EU Regulation No 1152/2011 | NA | NA |
| The surveillance and control programme for Echinococcus multilocularis in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Norway. Hunting season 2011–2012. | Madslien et al., 2013 | Annual surveillance report | Red foxes | RT-PCR +ve | NR | Magnetic Capture RT-PCR | 0 (0–0.51) |
| Alveolar echinococcosis in a highly endemic area of northern Slovakia between 2000 and 2013 | Antolova et al., 2014 | Multi-year surveillance report | Dogs Red foxes Humans |
Dogs, foxes: NR Humans: At least 2 of following 4 criteria: (i) presence of typical organ lesions, (ii) presence of antibodies to E. multilocularis, (iii) histological findings compatible with E. multilocularis metacestode, or (iv) presence of E. multilocularis DNA |
NR | Dogs: Nested PCR Red foxes: SCT Humans: ELISA, Western blot, Imaging (Ultrasound, MRI, CT) |
Dogs: 2.9 Red fox: 26–50 Humans: 26 cases |
| The European Union summary report on trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents and food-borne outbreaks in 2013 | EFSA and ECDC, 2015 | Annual surveillance report | Foxes (Human data reported in ECDC annual reports) | NR | Zoonoses Directive 2003/99/EC, | NR | Germany = 21.87 Slovakia = 22.3 Lux = 5.41 Sweden = 3.17 |
| The European Union summary report on trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents and food-borne outbreaks in 2014 | EFSA and ECDC, 2015 | Annual surveillance report | Foxes (Human data reported in ECDC annual reports) | NR | Zoonoses Directive 2003/99/EC, | NR | Sweden 0.1 Denmark 2.0 Germany 23.4 Slovakia 15.8 Hungary 9.9 |
| Annual epidemiological report 2014 - Echinococcosis | ECDC, 2016 | Annual surveillance report | Humans | 2008 or 2012a Case definition acceptable. | NR | NR | 82 cases from 7 EU/EEA countries |
| The European Union summary report on trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents and food-borne outbreaks in 2015 | EFSA and ECDC, 2016 | Annual Surveillance Report | Foxes (Human data reported in ECDC annual reports) | NR | Zoonoses Directive 2003/99/EC, | NR | Luxembourg 26.9 Switzerland 28.6 Germany 23.6 France 21.5 Slovakia 21.5 Denmark 8.06 Hungary 5.5 Sweden 0.1 |
| Echinococcosis - Annual Epidemiological Report for 2015 | ECDC, 2017 | Annual Surveillance Report | Humans | 2008 or 2012a Case definition acceptable. | NR | NR | 135 cases and 1 death from 6 countries (Table 2 lists countries for 2014 and 2015) |
| Echinococcosis - Annual Epidemiological Report for 2016 | ECDC, 2018a | Annual Surveillance Report | Humans | 2008 or 2012a Case definition acceptable. | NR | NR | 104 cases |
| Ministry of Health and Long-term Care Infectious Diseases Protocol, Appendix A, Chapter: Echinococcus multilocularis infection | MOHLTC, 2018a | Health system protocol | Humans | NR | Health Protection and Promotion Act, R.R.O. 1990, Reg. 569, Reports, (2018), and as per Requirement #3 of the “Reporting of Infectious Diseases” section of the Infectious Disease Protocol, 2018. | NR | NA |
| Ministry of Health and Long-term Care Infectious Diseases Protocol, Appendix B: Provincial case definitions for diseases of public health significance | MOHLTC, 2018b | Health system protocol | Humans | Ontario provincial case definition for human infection with E. multilocularis (in the presence of clinically compatible signs and symptoms): • Demonstration of antibodies to E. multilocularis in blood or serum sample OR • Demonstration of larval stages of E. multilocularis in histopathology samples from tissue biopsies |
Confirmed and probable cases of disease are provincially reportable. | Serology performed at the Institute of Parasitology, University of Berne, (Switzerland): • Em2- ELISA • II/3-10- ELISA • Em2Plus-ELISA Confirmatory assays: PCR (tissue biopsies), direct immunofluorescence |
NA |
| Management of Echinococcus multilocularis Infections in Animals Guideline, 2018 | MOHLTC, 2018c | Health system protocol | NR | NR | Communicable Diseases Regulation (R.R.O. 1990, Reg. 557). A veterinarian or laboratory director who knows or suspects that one or more animals is infected with E. multilocularis shall notify the Medical Officer of Health within one business day. The board of health shall report all cases of E. multilocularis in animals to the ministry after receiving the report. | NR | NA |
EFSA = European Food Safety Authority; ECDC = European Centers for Disease Control; OMHLTC = Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-term Care; NA = Not applicable; NR = Not reported, RT-PCR = Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction.
a
2012 case definition for echinococcosis is at least one of the following five: (1) histopathology or parasitology compatible with E. multilocularis OR E. granulosus (direct visualization of the protoscolex in cyst fluid); (2) detection of E. granulosus pathognomonic macroscopic morphology of cyst(s) in surgical specimens; (3) typical organ lesions detected by imaging techniques (computerized tomography, sonography or MRI) AND confirmed by a serological test; (4) Echinococcus spp. specific serum antibodies by high-sensitivity serological test AND confirmed by a high specificity serological test; (5) detection of E. multilocularis or E. granulosus nucleic acid in a clinical specimen.