Table 1.
A summary of key data on Giardia and Cryptosporidium in various types of water samples in ASEAN countries.
| Countrya | Water type | Sample size | Giardia % positive | Cryptosporidium % positive | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Malaysia | Ground water | ||||
| Well water | 28 | 17.9 | 7.1 | Ahmad & Chan, 1994 | |
| Well water | 15 | 0 | 20 | Ambu et al., 2014 | |
| Surface water | |||||
| River | 174 | 39 | 11.5 | Lim et al., 2008 | |
| River | 60 | 33.3 | 6.7 | Azman et al., 2009 | |
| River | 39 | 51.3 | 23.1 | Lee et al., 2014 | |
| River | 3 | 66.7 | 100 | Kumar et al., 2014 | |
| River | 4 | 75 | 25 | Ambu et al., 2014 | |
| Lake | 9 | 77.8 | 0 | Lim et al., 2009a | |
| Lake (zoological) | 18 | 94.4 | 0 | Lim et al., 2009b | |
| Lake | 13 | 69.2 | 61.5 | Onichandran et al., 2013 | |
| Lake | 27 | 37.4 | 44.4 | Kumar et al., 2014 | |
| Lake | 14 | 64.3 | 28.6 | Abdul Majid et al., 2016 | |
| Waterfall | 3 | 100 | 33.3 | Kumar et al., 2014 | |
| Recreational water | |||||
| Swimming pool | 1 | 0 | 0 | Kumar et al., 2014 | |
| Drinking water | |||||
| Tap water | 5 | 0 | 0 | Lim et al., 2008 | |
| Tap water | 2 | 0 | 0 | Kumar et al., 2014 | |
| Tap water | 4 | 0 | 0 | Ambu et al., 2014 | |
| Mineral water | 1 | 0 | 0 | Kumar et al., 2014 | |
| Household water | |||||
| Household water stored in containers | 20 | 10 | 0 | Lim and Ahmad, 2004b | |
| Drinking water treatment plant | |||||
| Raw water | 87 | 46 | 6.9 | Lim et al., 2008 | |
| Treated water | 87 | 0 | 0 | Lim et al., 2008 | |
| Backwash water | 2 | 100 | 100 | Lim et al., 2008 | |
| Treatment Plant A | 60 | 31.7 | 18.3 | Richard et al., 2016 | |
| Treatment Plant B | 18 | 50 | 22.2 | Richard et al., 2016 | |
| Distribution system | 7 | 0 | 14.3 | Richard et al., 2016 | |
| Wastewater treatment plant | |||||
| Influent | 30 | 100 | 40 | Lim et al., 2008 | |
| Effluent | 30 | 83.3 | 20 | Lim et al., 2008 | |
| Philippines | Recreational water | ||||
| River | 10 | 90 | 50 | Onichandran et al., 2014 | |
| Lake | 6 | 66.7 | 33.3 | Onichandran et al., 2014 | |
| Pond | 4 | 50 | 75 | Onichandran et al., 2014 | |
| Swimming pool | 3 | 33.3 | 33.3 | Onichandran et al., 2014 | |
| Rain water tank | 1 | 100 | 100 | Onichandran et al., 2014 | |
| Drinking water | |||||
| Well | 1 | 0 | 0 | Onichandran et al., 2014 | |
| Spring | 1 | 0 | 0 | Onichandran et al., 2014 | |
| Tap water | 3 | 0 | 0 | Onichandran et al., 2014 | |
| Tap water tank | 1 | 0 | 0 | Onichandran et al., 2014 | |
| Water dispenser | 2 | 0 | 0 | Onichandran et al., 2014 | |
| Mineral | 1 | 0 | 0 | Onichandran et al., 2014 | |
| Thailand | Bulk water for frozen food industry | 20 | 60 | Sutthikornchai et al., 2005 | |
| Canal | 120 | 98.3 | 75.8 | Anceno et al., 2007 | |
| Wastewater treatment plants | 117 | 62.7 | 29.1 | Anceno et al., 2007 | |
| Rivers | 52 | 50 | 25 | Chuah et al., 2016 | |
| Vietnam | Vegetable splashing water | 200 | 8.5 | 4.5 | Tram and Dalsgaard, 2014 |
a
Accessible data on Giardia and Cryptosporidium is not available from Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Myanmar and Singapore.