Table 3.
Metal nanoparticles for methicillin-resistant (MRSA) treatment.
| Type | Mode of action | References |
|---|---|---|
| “Ag NPs” | Disturbance to the cell membrane of bacteria Inhibit transport of cytochrome and electron Binding with DNA/RNA and inhibiting their replication Binding with ribosome and inhibiting of protein synthesis Creation of reactive oxygen species Inhibit the formation of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria |
(Mekkawy et al., 2017) |
| “ZnO NPs” | Disruption to the bacterial cell membrane Formation of reactive oxygen species |
(Vijayakumar et al., 2015; Aswathanarayan & Vittal, 2017) |
| “Cu/CuO NPs.” | Interacts with (amine and carboxyl) groups on the bacterial cell surface Formation of reactive oxygen species |
(Hsueh et al., 2017) |
| “TiO2 NPs” | Photocatalysis process by UV stimulation leading to ROS formation | (Alhadrami & Al-Hazmi, 2017) |
| “MgX2/MgO NPs” | Inhibition to enzymes, ROS creation MgO-encouraged halogen adsorption |
(Guo et al., 2017) |
| “Au NPs” | Their activity achieved through functionalization or combination therapy | (Mocan et al., 2014) |
| “Bi NPs” | “Radiation-stimulated formation of free radical and damage of DNA” | (Ferreira et al., 2016) |
Note. Ag NPs: Silver Nanoparticles; ZnO: Zinc Oxide; Cu/CuO: Copper/Copper Oxide; TiO2: Titanium Oxide; MgX2: Magnesium with X2 referring to a bonded halide; Au: Gold; Bi: Bismuth.