Table.
U5MRs of the 36 countries included in the analyses
| Year | Survey | Variable | Total number of births, n | Ethnic groups, n |
U5MR by ethnic group (per 1000 livebirths) |
Likelihood ratio p value | Mortality ratio*(95% CI) | Theil's index (95% CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median (IQR) | Lowest (95% CI) | Highest (95% CI) | |||||||||
| Afghanistan | 2015 | DHS | Ethnicity | 125 488 | 9 | 64 (56–73) | 45 (23–67) | 162 (138–185) | 0·009 | 3·6 (2·4–4·8) | 39·9 (30·9–48·9) |
| Angola | 2015 | DHS | Language | 41 999 | 12 | 70 (50–101) | 23 (0–53) | 132 (87–176) | <0·0001 | 5·8 (3·2–8·3) | 40·1 (28·1–52·0) |
| Benin | 2014 | MICS | Ethnicity | 45 183 | 10 | 113 (99–117) | 86 (52–120) | 123 (103–144) | 0·714 | 1·4 (1·0–1·8) | 2·4 (0·0–5·2) |
| Burkina Faso | 2010 | DHS | Ethnicity | 55 853 | 12 | 163 (125–185) | 73 (55–92) | 204 (166–241) | <0·0001 | 2·8 (2·0–3·5) | 19·7 (13·6–25·8) |
| Cameroon | 2014 | MICS | Ethnicity | 26 040 | 11 | 125 (81– 150) | 58 (43–74) | 206 (116–295) | <0·0001 | 3·5 (2·5–4·6) | 68·0 (50·7–85·4) |
| Chad | 2014 | DHS | Ethnicity | 67 356 | 22 | 139 (105–172) | 38 (20–57) | 215 (157–273) | <0·0001 | 5·6 (3·7–7·5) | 50·4 (43·1–57·7) |
| Democratic Republic of the Congo | 2013 | DHS | Ethnicity | 59 074 | 9 | 102 (100–119) | 36 (0–76) | 126 (102–151) | 0·033 | 3·5 (2·2–4·8) | 5·6 (2·5–8·7) |
| Republic of the Congo | 2011 | DHS | Ethnicity | 31 688 | 11 | 95 (75–104) | 53 (33–73) | 125 (81–169) | 0·192 | 2·4 (1·6–3·1) | 10·0 (2·8–17·2) |
| Côte d'Ivoire | 2011 | DHS | Ethnicity | 26 317 | 23 | 121 (102–146) | 45 (3–87) | 237 (177–296) | 0·001 | 5·2 (3·6–6·9) | 8·3 (26·1–57·0) |
| Ethiopia | 2016 | DHS | Ethnicity | 39 494 | 19 | 88 (67–101) | 13 (0–35) | 127 (0–288) | 0·095 | 10·0 (4·2–15·8) | 41·6 (15·1–38·8) |
| Gabon | 2012 | DHS | Ethnicity | 20 619 | 9 | 60 (57–72) | 18 (0–41) | 76 (54–98) | 0·070 | 4·2 (2·0–6·3) | 26·9 (4·9–33·8) |
| The Gambia | 2013 | DHS | Ethnicity | 26 179 | 10 | 53 (49–65) | 36 (2–70) | 70 (50–89) | 0·514 | 1·9 (1·2–2·7) | 19·3 (0·0–16·6) |
| Ghana | 2014 | DHS | Ethnicity | 23 117 | 9 | 62 (60–88) | 59 (18–101) | 102 (78–126) | 0·009 | 1·7 (1·2–2·3) | 7·1 (10·1–39·4) |
| Guatemala | 2014 | DHS | Ethnicity | 55 300 | 3 | 42 (35–61) | 34 (30–39) | 62 (22–101) | 0·040 | 1·8 (1·0–2·5) | 24·8 (0·0–14·5) |
| Guinea | 2012 | DHS | Ethnicity | 27 683 | 7 | 123 (89–148) | 59 (0–136) | 160 (141–180) | 0·0002 | 2·7 (1·9–3·5) | 7·2 (7·9–21·0) |
| Guinea-Bissau | 2014 | MICS | Language | 27 477 | 7 | 88 (77– 126) | 68 (55–80) | 136 (120–151) | <0·0001 | 2·0 (1·4–2·6) | 14·5 (23·7–49·4) |
| Guyana | 2014 | MICS | Ethnicity | 11 122 | 4 | 33 (31–39) | 29 (10–48) | 44 (29–60) | 0·400 | 1·5 (0·8–2·2) | 36·5 (0·0–36·1) |
| Honduras | 2011 | DHS | Ethnicity | 48 893 | 7 | 32 (28–49) | 24 (6–42) | 54 (38–70) | 0·405 | 2·2 (1·2–3·3) | 13·8 (0·0–26·5) |
| India | 2015 | DHS | Ethnicity | 1 265 049 | 5 | 58 (53–59) | 41 (39–43) | 61 (58–63) | <0·0001 | 1·5 (0·9–2·1) | 12·5 (7·1–9·6) |
| Kenya | 2014 | DHS | Ethnicity | 83 571 | 23 | 55 (36–65) | 18 (0–49) | 95 (84–106) | <0·0001 | 5·2 (2·6–7·8) | 59·3 (45·2–73·4) |
| Laos | 2011 | MICS | Ethnicity | 56 710 | 4 | 98 (82–126) | 80 (72–89) | 138 (124–151) | <0·0001 | 1·7 (1·2–2·2) | 30·3 (22·9–37·8) |
| Liberia | 2013 | DHS | Language | 30 713 | 18 | 124 (89–142) | 59 (33–85) | 161 (73–250) | 0·174 | 2·7 (1·9–3·5) | 15·2 (8·3–22·0) |
| Malawi | 2015 | DHS | Ethnicity | 68 074 | 11 | 70 (64–79) | 58 (47–70) | 104 (62–147) | 0·057 | 1·8 (1·2–2·4) | 7·0 (3·2–10·8) |
| Mali | 2015 | MICS | Ethnicity | 55 772 | 11 | 117 (90–126) | 36 (14–57) | 157 (112–201) | <0·0001 | 4·4 (2·8–6·0) | 31·0 (24·4–37·5) |
| Mozambique | 2011 | DHS | Ethnicity | 37 877 | 19 | 106 (83–130) | 55 (24–86) | 161 (132–190) | <0·0001 | 2·9 (2·0–3·8) | 26·8 (17·7–35·8) |
| Niger | 2012 | DHS | Language | 43 831 | 6 | 106 (69–150) | 65 (22–107) | 164 (148–179) | <0·0001 | 2·5 (1·8–3·3) | 16·0 (11·2–20·8) |
| Nigeria | 2016 | MICS | Ethnicity | 101 691 | 4 | 82 (70–117) | 67 (58–77) | 144 (134–153) | <0·0001 | 2·1 (1·5–2·8) | 41·8 (33·5–50·0) |
| Pakistan | 2012 | DHS | Language | 49 913 | 15 | 94 (75–120) | 30 (0–60) | 185 (30–340) | <0·0001 | 6·1 (3·8–8·5) | 31·7 (21·0–42·3) |
| Paraguay | 2016 | MICS | Language | 14 355 | 5 | 16 (13–24) | 8 (2–15) | 71 (48–94) | 0·002 | 8·5 (2·4–14·5) | 174·5 (94·4–254·5) |
| Philippines | 2013 | DHS | Language | 31 668 | 10 | 31 (27–45) | 13 (0–27) | 84 (38–129) | <0·0001 | 6·6 (2·7–10·4) | 61·5 (37·5–85·6) |
| Senegal | 2016 | DHS | Ethnicity | 22 546 | 7 | 64 (56–71) | 48 (37–58) | 71 (59–83) | 0·170 | 1·5 (0·9–2·0) | 13·6 (0·0–27·5) |
| Sierra Leone | 2013 | DHS | Ethnicity | 46 941 | 10 | 162 (142–179) | 113 (75–151) | 198 (172–225) | 0·0003 | 1·8 (1·3–2·2) | 7·1 (4·2–10·0) |
| South Africa | 2016 | DHS | Ethnicity | 14 031 | 3 | 40 (29–52) | 29 (0–58) | 52 (44–61) | 0·529 | 1·8 (1·0–2·7) | 5·5 (0·0–20·5) |
| Togo | 2013 | DHS | Ethnicity | 26 152 | 7 | 102 (76–110) | 46 (26–65) | 121 (80–162) | <0·0001 | 2·6 (1·7–3·5) | 19·1 (10·0–28·2) |
| Uganda | 2016 | DHS | Ethnicity | 56 618 | 31 | 73 (62–86) | 44 (12–76) | 144 (93–194) | 0·002 | 3·3 (2·2–4·4) | 22·0 (13·2–30·8) |
| Zambia | 2013 | DHS | Ethnicity | 47 987 | 32 | 70 (61–89) | 27 (6–48) | 220 (111–328) | <0·0001 | 8·2 (4·9–11·4) | 31·4 (22·3–40·5) |
| Total | .. | .. | .. | 2 812 381 | 415 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
U5MR=Under-5 mortality rate. DHS=Demographic and Health Surveys. MICS=Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey.
*
Calculated by comparing the the ethnic group with the highest mortality rate and lowest mortality rate in each country.