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. 2020 Feb 14;11:80. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00080

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Copyright © 2020 Mehanny, Koch, Lehr and Fuhrmann.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Characterization of streptococcal membrane vesicles (MVs) using electron microscopy. (A) Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of Streptococcus pneumoniae reference strain R6 cells, during shedding of vesicles from their surface. (B–F) Cryogenic transmission electron micrographs (cryo-TEM) of isolated pneumococcal MVs, showing heterogeneous morphology, tiny vesicles budding from large ones (white arrows), chain-like structures (white arrows), and some vesicles with darker content (red arrows).