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. 2019 Dec 10;15(6):1006–1013. doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.270297

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Copyright: © Neural Regeneration Research

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Locus coeruleus (LC) efferent pathways and relevant functions.

LC projects throughout the brain in three major pathways with widespread collateralization. The ascending pathway consists of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra (SN), amygdala (Amy), hippocampus (Hipp), hypothalamus (Hyp), thalamus (Th), basal forebrain (BF), prefrontal cortex and sensory cortices. The cerebellar pathway and descending pathway to the spinal cord are involved in motor functions. Dysfunction in these pathways may lead to PD symptoms. Note: The size of each area is not to scale.