3D bioprinted scaffolds containing antibiotics only (Abx; daptomycin + rifampin), macrophages (MΦs) only, antibiotics + MΦs, or empty scaffolds were placed at the time of craniotomy, whereupon mice (n=8–12 per group) where challenged 1 day later with 108 CFU live S. aureus at the surgical site. Bacterial burdens were determined 7 days later. Results were analyzed by One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison test (*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01).