Figure 1.

Models of plant disease control by plasma. Plasma can be applied directly or indirectly (plasma-treated water or media) to plants. Many plasma factors such as ROS, RNS, electric field, electromagnetic rays, active ions, and UV can be involved in disease control in direct plasma treatment whereas ROS and RNS from plasma are major players in indirect plasma treatment. Plasma (direct and indirect treatment) can inactivate pathogens associated with plants and seeds by causing membrane lipid peroxidation and DNA damage. In addition, it can be possible that plasma (direct and indirect treatment) induces plant immune responses by causing oxidative burst and continuously activating defense signaling, leading to the expression of defense genes.