Figure 2.

Possible mechanism of action of some of phytoconstituents in the context of counteracting alcohol abuse. Puerarin, daidzein, and daidzin decrease alcohol consumption by alterations in MAO-acetaldehyde pathways or mitochondrial ALDH2 pathways (Keung, 2003; Lukas et al., 2013); Withaferin A and withanolide D block GABA receptors binding and upsurges chloride influx in absence of GABA (Gupta and Rana, 2008; Lu et al., 2009; Ruiu et al., 2013); Kava lactones bind to multiple locations in the brain and interact with different neurotransmitters and significantly inhibit the uptake of noradrenaline, but not serotonin (Sällström Baum et al., 1998); Militirone is low-affinity ligand for central GABAA-BDZ–binding site, thus acting as a partial agonist and implying an anxiolytic effect (Lee et al., 1991).