. 2020 Feb;49:101226. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2019.101226

Table 2.

Exposure: Screen time (TV, Tablet, Phone, Playing computer games, Using the internet).

Outcome	Age group	Unfavorably related to exposure	Favorably related to exposure	Summary		N participants (total (if n = 1) or range)	Quality
Outcome	Age group	Unfavorably related to exposure	Favorably related to exposure	n/N (%)*	P value^#	N participants (total (if n = 1) or range)	Quality
Sleep duration	Infants	[17,18,47] weekday	[47] weekend day^b	3/5 (60.0)	0.375	Longitudinal: 208 Cross-sectional: 208 to 1676	Very low^a
Night awakenings	Infants	[43]		1/1 (100.0)	0.500	Cross-sectional: 1033	Very low^a
Sleep latency	Infants	[30]		1/1 (100.0)	0.500	Cross-sectional: 208	Very low^a
Sleep duration	Toddlers	[17,18], [38]^b, [47] weekend day [51]^b, [52],	[47] weekday	7/8 (87.5)	0.035	Longitudinal: 369 to 1202 Cross-sectional: 173 to 1676	Very low^a
Night awakenings	Toddlers	[51]^b		2/2 (100.0)	0.250	Longitudinal: 369 Cross-sectional: 497	Very low^a
Bedtime	Toddlers	[51]^b		2/2 (100.0)	0.250	Longitudinal: 369 Cross-sectional: 497	Very low^a
Sleep latency	Toddlers	[30,51,51]		3/3 (100.0)	0.125	Longitudinal: 369 Cross-sectional: 208 to 497	Very low^a
Sleep quality	Toddlers	[52]		1/1 (100.0)		Cross-sectional: 173	Very low^a
Sleep stability	Toddlers	[52]		1/1 (100.0)		Cross-sectional: 173	Very low^a
Sleep duration	Preschoolers	[17,28,29,34] TV viewing, tablet use, iPod use [35,40,42,45,50,50,51,53],	[34] Smartphone, laptop	12/13 (92.3)	0.002	Longitudinal: 3427 Cross-sectional: 52 to 39,813	Very low^a
Night awakenings	Preschoolers	[41]^b, [53]	[51]	2/3 (66.6)	0.500	Longitudinal: 1346 Cross-sectional: 415 to 2590	Very low^a
Bedtime	Preschoolers	[46] Computer use [51,53],		3/3 (100.0)	0.125	Cross-sectional: 415 to 2590	Very low^a
Sleep latency	Preschoolers	[51,53]		2/2 (100.0)	0.250	Cross-sectional: 415 to 2590	Very low^a
Sleep quality	Preschoolers	[32,37,48]		3/3 (100.0)	0.125	Cross-sectional: 330 to 617	Very low^a
Daytime napping	Preschoolers	[29] TV time	[28] Computer games	1/2 (50.0)	0.750	Cross-sectional: 39,813	Very low^a

*n = number of associations showing unfavorable association, N = total number of associations for the specific exposure-outcome relationship reported; ^#two-sided p-value from the binomial probability test. Small p-value indicates higher probability that the results are valid.

Quality of evidence was downgraded due to serious risk of bias. Quality rating of individual studies can be found in Table S1.

Indicates Longitudinal study.