. 2020 Feb;49:101226. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2019.101226

Table 3.

Exposure: Evening screen time.

Outcome	Age group	Unfavorably related to exposure	Favorably related to exposure	Summary		N participants (total (if n = 1) or range)	Quality
Outcome	Age group	Unfavorably related to exposure	Favorably related to exposure	n/N (%)*	P value^#	N participants (total (if n = 1) or range)	Quality
Sleep duration	Infants	[47]^b		2/2 (100.0)	0.250	Longitudinal: 208 Cross-sectional: 208	Very low^a
Bedtime	Infants	[43]		1/1 (100.0)	0.500	Cross-sectional: 1033	Very low^a
Sleep duration	Toddlers	[39,47]		2/2 (100.0)	0.250	Cross-sectional: 208 to 1702	Very low^a
Bedtime	Toddlers	[43]		1/1 (100.0)	0.500	Cross-sectional: 1033	Very low^a
Sleep duration	Preschoolers	[34] TV viewing, tablet, game player, iPod use [35,46],	[34] Smartphone, laptop	3/4 (75.0)	0.313	Cross-sectional: 107 to 1096	Very low^a
Bedtime	Preschoolers	[46]		1/1 (100.0)	0.500	Cross-sectional: 1096	Very low^a
Sleep quality	Preschoolers	[32]		1/1 (100.0)	0.500	Cross-sectional: 617	Very low^a

*n = number of associations showing unfavorable association, N = total number of associations for the specific exposure-outcome relationship reported; ^#two-sided p-value from the binomial probability test. Small p-value indicates higher probability that the results are valid.

Quality of evidence was downgraded due to serious risk of bias. Quality rating of individual studies can be found in Table S1.

IndicatesLongitudinal study.