Table 1.

Patients' clinical data and follow-up.

No. of case Age at investigation Sex Hospital stay	Diagnosis	Etiology	Spasms' duration	Other seizure types	Brain MRI findings	Treatment	Follow-up
Case 1 4 years Male 30 days	Mycoplasma-pneumoniae-related encephalopathy	Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection	Lasting 13 days, burst suppression both in sleep and awake	Focal seizures, originated from right frontal or parietal areas	At Day 15: atrophy of both cerebrum and cerebellum	IVIG, MP, 8 AEDs, KD; at investigation: TPM, LTG, CZP, LEV	At 9 years, walking, but not speaking, could not recognize parents, short stature
Case 2 5 years and 2 months Female 37 days	Influenza-virus-type-one-related acute encephalopathy	H1N1 infection	Lasting 6 months, burst suppression, gradually alleviated	Focal seizures, originated bilaterally	Generalized atrophy after decompressive craniectomy	IVIG, MP, KD, prednisone, 4 AEDs	At 5 years and 1 month, walking, mental retardation, no language
Case 3 5 years and 7 months Male 16 days	Anti-NMDAR encephalitis	Autoimmune encephalitis	Lasting 8 months, burst suppression EEG	Focal seizures originated right hemisphere, convulsive SE	At 10 months: MRI showed atrophy of cerebrum, and hippocampi improved	IVIG, MP, 5 AEDs; at investigation: VPA, NZP, LTG, CBZ, KD, cyclophosphamide monthly 8 times	At 4 years, nearly recovered, autoantibody remains positive in CSF
Case 4 5 years and 7 months Male 105 days	Febrile-infection-related epilepsy syndrome	Unknown etiology, Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection?	Lasting 87.5 min, asymmetrical spasm	Convulsive and non-convulsive SE, multi-focal, primarily frontal in origin	Brain atrophy including hippocampi improved during the last 3 months	IVIG, PE, KD, propofol, ketamine, chloralhydrate, diazepam, 7 AEDs, with 5 AEDs when discharged.	At 4 years, walking, speaking, but memory was impaired
Case 5 2 years Male 29 days	Allergenic demyelinating encephalitis	Vaccination of measles-mumps-rubella triad vaccine	Lasting 2 months, each cluster lasting more than 30 min, burst suppression and hypsarrhythmia	Focal seizures, left frontal and temporal, bilateral occipital epileptiform discharges	Atrophy of thalamus, occipital region and left hippocampus improved?	IVIG, MP, 3 AEDs, ACTH	At 4 years, nearly recovered as before, learning and language slightly impaired
Case 6 3 years and 4 months Female 141 days	Acute encephalopathy	Severe allergy, post-cardiopulmonary resuscitation, iodine allergy	Lasting 30–60 min daily for 50 days. EEG hypsarrhythmia	Focal seizures generalized at early stage of disease	Caudate nucleus and thalamus abnormal signal on Diffusion-Weighted Images	TPM, ACTH, prednisone	At 4 years 2 months, left arm movement and speech not fully recovered, otherwise normal
Case 7 11 months Female 15 days	Intractable epilepsy, focal seizures, developmental delay	Compound heterozygous mutation in the TBCD gene	3 times continuous spasms, each lasing 1.5 weeks	Low voltage on EEG, non-Convulsive status epilepticus, convulsive status epilepticus	At 20 months: significant atrophy, 3 months later atrophy aggravated	IVIG, MP, KD, 3 AEDs, another 3 AEDs used	At 5.5 years, no language, rolling and walking, severe development delay
Case 8 5 months Male 13 days	Intractable epilepsy, infantile spasms, Ohtahara Syndrome transition Severe asphyxia	Ohtahara Syndrome, genetic mutation?	Lasing 2 h, burst suppression and hypsarrhythmia	Focal seizures, tonic seizures frequently, Multifocal spikes	Severe brain atrophy	KD, prednisone, 4 AEDs, ACTH	At 4 years 3 months: microcephaly, no head control or language, cannot recognize parents, seizures decreased
Case 9 11 months Female 17 days	Infantile spasms, psychomotor retardation, epileptic encephalopathy	Unknown	Lasing 3 months and 5 days, EEG, burst suppression	Focal seizures, refractory epilepsy	Abnormal signal at white matter, thalamus atrophy	TPM, KD, VPA, LEV, ACTH	At 6 years: developmentally delayed, could not sit, still daily seizures
Case 10 1 month and 20 days Male 15 days	Ohtahara Syndrome Asphyxia	Genetic, a de novo missense mutation in the KCNQ2 gene	Lasting 108 min, spasms in cluster or singly	Tonic seizures, focal seizures	Un remarkable	ACTH, 3 AEDs	At 3 years and 4 months: spasms, no visual fixation, deceased at age of 8 months due to severe infection.
Case 11 4 months Male 15 days	Pachygyria malformation, Intractable epilepsy	Genetic, 489 Kb deletion at 17p13.3	Lasting 30 min, in cluster or single, hypsarrhythmia	Tonic seizures, focal seizures	Pachygyria	3 AEDs, ACTH, sirolimus, KD	At 5 years: severely delayed development, no head control, language or visual following, seizures 3.5 times daily

IVIG, intravenous immunoglobulin; PE, plasma exchange; MP, methylprednisolone; ACTH, adrenocortical tropical hormone; AEDs, antiepileptic drugs; TPM, topiramate; LTG, lamotrigine; LEV, levoparacetam; NZP, nitrozepam; CBZ, carbamazepine; KD, ketogenic diet.