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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: Addiction. 2019 Oct 28;115(2):337–346. doi: 10.1111/add.14815

Table 2.

Associations between EduYears-GPS genome-wide polygenic scores and substance use disorder criterion counts in the full sample.

Alcohol Use Disorder
Criterion Count
(n = 5582)		 Nicotine Dependence
Criterion Count
(n = 4754)		 Cannabis Use Disorder
Criterion Count
(n = 5578)
Parameter b 95% CI b 95% CI b 95% CI
Intercept −2.79 [−3.78, −1.79] −1.47 [−2.59, −0.34] −1.01 [−1.74, −0.28]
Sex (female) −0.58 [−0.62, −0.54] −0.22 [−0.27, −0.18] −0.34 [−0.37, −0.30]
Age −0.01 [−0.01, −5.12E-03] 5.00E-03 [−3.84E-05, 9.76E-03] −8.60E-03 [−0.01, −5.01E-03]
PC1 83.39 [9.18, 157.60] −23.63 [−107.81, 60.54] −42.38 [−108.61, 23.86]
PC2 26.39 [−11.30, 64.07] 29.71 [−12.40, 71.83] 15.99 [−17.76, 49.73]
EduYears-GPS count 1.01E-05 [8.35E-06, 1.19E-05] 9.29E-06 [6.78E-06, 1.18E-05] 3.70E-05 [2.77E-05, 4.62E-05]
Cohort 2 0.22 [0.10, 0.33] 0.15 [−0.01, 0.31] −0.03 [−0.14, 0.07]
Cohort 3 0.41 [0.25, 0.58] 0.14 [−0.08, 0.35] 0.44 [0.29, 0.58]
Cohort 4 0.16 [−0.05, 0.36] −0.02 [−0.28, 0.24] 0.31 [0.12, 0.49]
EduYears-GPS −19,360.64† [−25,072.31, −13,648.97] −24,663.58† [−29,961.23, −19,365.93] −2,551.10 [−3,781.71, −1,320.49]
EduYears-GPS ΔR2 0.79% 1.84% 0.30%

Notes. Boldface indicates estimate P ≤ 0.05.

†

denotes that the EduYears-GPS effect was robust after controlling for phenotypic educational attainment (see Supporting Information Table 2). The EduYears-GPS thresholds for each substance were: alcohol (P<0.30); nicotine (P<0.20); cannabis (P<0.01). Abbreviations: PC = principal component for genetic ancestry; Cohort = dummy-coded variables indexing year of birth, defined as [1930–1950); [1950–1970); and [1970–2010); EduYears-GPS count = number of single nucleotide polymorphisms available for polygenic scoring; EduYears-GPS = educational attainment genome-wide polygenic score; ΔR2 = change in r-squared.