Table 1.

Summary of papers reporting experimental animal models of NMO. Abbreviation: ND = not reported.

Reference	Animal	Model	Sites of pathology	AQP4 loss	GFAP loss	Infiltration cell type(s)	Complement deposition	Myelin loss	Time point (s) examined	Behavioral phenotype
Bradl et al 5	Lewis rats	EAE (+AQP4‐IgG)	Spinal cord	Yes	Yes	T cells	Yes	No	24 hours	ND
						Macrophages
Bennett et al 4	Lewis rats	EAE (+AQP4‐IgG)	Spinal cord	ND	Yes	No	Yes	No	30 hours	ND
Kinoshita et al 20	Lewis rats	EAE (+AQP4‐IgG)	Spinal cord	Yes	Yes	Macrophages	Yes	No	4 days	Clinical score increase
						Neutrophils
Saadoun et al 45	CD1 mice	Intracerebral injection	Brain	Yes	Yes	CD45+ cells	Yes	Yes	12 hours‐7 days	Right‐turning at 7 days
Pohl et al 37	Lewis rats	T cell delivery	Brain	Yes	ND	T cells	Yes	No	24 hours	ND
			Spinal cord			Macrophages
Ratelade et al 39	CD1 mice	Intravenous injection	Area postrema	Yes	Yes	ND	ND	Yes	5 days	ND
Zhang et al 71	CD1 mice	Ex vivo spinal cord culture	Spinal cord slice	Yes	Yes	Neutrophils	Yes	Yes	7 days	ND
						Macrophages
Saini et al 48	C57/BL6 mice	EAE (+AQP4‐IgG)	Spinal cord	Yes	ND	Neutrophils	ND	Yes	60 days	Clinical worsening
			Optic nerve			Eosinophils
Zhang et al 72	CD1 mice	Intracerebral infusion	Brain	Yes	Yes	Eosinophils	Yes	Yes	3 days	ND
			Spinal cord			Neutrophils
Asavapanumas et al 2	Lewis rats	Intracerebral injection	Brain	Yes	Yes	Neutrophils	Yes	Yes	5 days	ND
						Macrophages
Asavapanumas et al 1	CD1 mice	Intrcranial infusion	Optic nerve	Yes	Yes	Neutrophils	Yes	Yes	3 days	ND
						Macrophages
Asavapanumas et al 3	Lewis rats	Intraperitoneal injection	Brain	Yes	Yes	Neutrophils	Yes	Yes	5 days	ND
						Macrophages
Matsumoto Y et al 28	SD rats	Injection under optic nerve sheath	Optic nerve	Yes	Yes	CD11 + cells	ND	Yes	7‐14 days	ND
			Retina
Zhang et al 73	CD59−/− mice	Intrathecal injection	Spinal cord	Yes	Yes	CD45+ cells	Yes	Yes	2 days	Hind limb weakness
Geis et al 11	Lewis rats	Intrathecal injection	Spinal cord	Yes	Yes	Macrophages	No	No	19 days	Progressive motor deficit
Jones et al 17	C57/BL6 mice	T cell delivery	Brain	No	ND	T cells	ND	Yes	21 days	Weight loss
			Spinal cord							Hind limb weakness
			Optic nerve
Kurosawa 21	Lewis rats	EAE	Spinal cord	Yes	Yes	Neutrophils	Yes	No	2 days	Weakness
			Brainstem
			Optic chiasm
Zeka et al 68	Lewis rats	T cell delivery	Brain	Yes	Yes	T cells	Yes	ND	7 days	Tail paralysis
			Spinal cord			macrophages
Felix et al 10	rats	Intravitreal injection	Retina	Yes	No	CD45+ cells	Yes	Yes	6 hours–30 days	ND
Marignier et al 27	OFA rats	Intraventricular infusion	Brain	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	7 days	Impaired motor behavior
			Spinal cord
			Optic nerve
Sagan et al 47	C57/BL6 mice	T cell delivery	Spinal Cord	ND	ND	T cells	ND	No	2 days	Paraplegia
			Optic nerve
			Retina
Zeka et al 69	Lewis rats	T cell delivery	Optic nerve	Yes	Yes	T cells	Yes	Yes	5 days	ND
			Retina			macrophages
Zhang et al 70	SD rats	Injection under optic nerve sheath	Optic nerve	Yes	Yes	CD68+ cells	ND	Yes	7 days	Reduced visual evoked
										potentials & pupillary light reflex
Hillebrand et al 14	Lewis rats RNU rats	Intraperitoneal injection	Brain	Yes	Yes	Neutrophils	Yes	ND	1‐5 days	Impaired balance
			Spinal cord			macrophages				Hind limb weakness
Lee et al 22	C57/BL6 mice	EAE (+AQP4‐IgG)	Brain	Yes	Yes	ND	Yes	ND	21 days	Clinical score increasing
			Spinal cord
Yao et al 64	SD rats	Focused ultrasound	Brain	Yes	Yes	CD45+ cells	Yes	Yes	5 days	ND
			Spinal cord