Table 2.
Participant characteristics overall and by tertiles of each type of morning systolic blood pressure surge (n=761).
| Characteristic | Overall | Tertiles for each type of morning SBP surge | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sleep-trough morning SBP surge | Pre-awakening morning SBP surge | Rising morning SBP surge | ||||||||
| 1 (lowest) |
2 | 3 (highest) |
1 (lowest) |
2 | 3 (highest) |
1 (lowest) |
2 | 3 (highest) |
||
| n=761 | n=253 | n=255 | n=253 | n=253 | n=254 | n=254 | n=245 | n=268 | n=248 | |
| Minimum to maximum morning surge, mmHg | − | −21.7 to <12.1 | 12.1 to <21.3 | 21.3 to 48.0 | −25.2 to <2.2 | 2.2 to <10.9 | 10.9 to 37.3 | −46.0 to <−2.0 | −2.0 to <7.0 | 7.0 to 43.0 |
| Age, years | 58.7 (10.9) | 58.1 (11.5) | 58.1 (11.1) | 59.8 (10.0) | 60.8 (11.0) | 58.0 (11.0) | 57.2 (10.4) | 59.9 (10.8) | 58.4 (11.2) | 57.7 (10.6) |
| Male sex | 245 (32.2%) | 83 (32.8%) | 86 (33.7%) | 76 (30.0%) | 66 (26.1%) | 87 (34.3%) | 92 (36.2%) | 68 (27.8%) | 99 (36.9%) | 78 (31.5%) |
| Less than a high school education | 139 (18.3%) | 47 (18.6%) | 47 (18.5%) | 45 (17.9%) | 57 (22.5%) | 40 (15.8%) | 42 (16.6%) | 44 (18.0%) | 48 (18.0%) | 47 (19.0%) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 30.8 (6.3) | 31.7 (7.0) | 30.6 (6.4) | 30.0 (5.3) | 32.2 (6.8) | 30.7 (6.3) | 29.4 (5.4) | 31.4 (6.7) | 30.6 (6.4) | 30.3 (5.7) |
| Current smoker | 76 (10.0%) | 25 (9.9%) | 22 (8.6%) | 29 (11.5%) | 22 (8.7%) | 27 (10.6%) | 27 (10.6%) | 21 (8.6%) | 25 (9.3%) | 30 (12.1%) |
| Diabetes | 209 (27.6%) | 73 (29.0%) | 67 (26.6%) | 69 (27.4%) | 81 (32.4%) | 59 (23.4%) | 69 (27.2%) | 74 (30.3%) | 69 (26.0%) | 66 (26.7%) |
| Reduced eGFR | 82 (10.8%) | 30 (11.9%) | 28 (11.1%) | 24 (9.5%) | 37 (14.8%) | 28 (11.1%) | 17 (6.7%) | 34 (14.0%) | 21 (7.9%) | 27 (10.9%) |
| Albuminuria | 63 (10.5%) | 27 (12.9%) | 16 (8.2%) | 20 (10.4%) | 32 (15.4%) | 11 (5.8%) | 20 (10.0%) | 23 (11.4%) | 20 (9.9%) | 20 (10.3%) |
| Sleep duration, hours | 8.2 (1.7) | 7.9 (1.8) | 8.3 (1.7) | 8.5 (1.6) | 8.4 (1.8) | 8.3 (1.6) | 8.1 (1.7) | 8.2 (1.8) | 8.2 (1.7) | 8.3 (1.7) |
| Antihypertensive medication use | 424 (57.1%) | 135 (55.3%) | 142 (57.3%) | 147 (58.8%) | 158 (64.8%) | 130 (52.6%) | 136 (54.2%) | 147 (62.0%) | 149 (57.3%) | 128 (52.2%) |
| SBP, mmHg | ||||||||||
| Clinic | 127 (16.1) | 126 (15.2) | 126 (14.8) | 129 (18.0) | 129 (15.1) | 125 (16.0) | 128 (16.9) | 128 (15.5) | 127 (15.5) | 127 (17.3) |
| Daytime | 130 (13.6) | 127 (12.9) | 130 (13.6) | 132 (13.8) | 130 (13.6) | 127 (12.9) | 132 (14.0) | 131 (13.7) | 128 (12.5) | 130 (14.6) |
| Nighttime | 121 (15.5) | 124 (15.9) | 122 (15.3) | 119 (15.0) | 128 (16.1) | 119 (14.2) | 117 (14.0) | 125 (16.3) | 120 (13.7) | 119 (15.9) |
| 24-hour | 127 (13.8) | 126 (13.6) | 127 (13.9) | 127 (13.9) | 129 (14.1) | 124 (13.1) | 127 (13.8) | 129 (14.0) | 125 (12.5) | 126 (14.7) |
| DBP, mmHg | ||||||||||
| Clinic | 74.2 (8.6) | 74.0 (8.7) | 74.2 (8.2) | 74.3 (9.0) | 74.1 (8.4) | 73.5 (8.6) | 74.9 (8.9) | 73.5 (8.8) | 74.7 (8.9) | 74.2 (8.2) |
| Daytime | 78.1 (9.3) | 76.6 (9.6) | 78.8 (8.8) | 78.8 (9.4) | 77.2 (9.7) | 76.9 (8.6) | 80.1 (9.3) | 77.5 (9.6) | 78.4 (9.1) | 78.3 (9.2) |
| Nighttime | 68.8 (9.5) | 70.6 (10.3) | 69.6 (8.7) | 66.2 (8.7) | 72.0 (10.1) | 67.8 (8.6) | 66.6 (8.8) | 69.8 (9.9) | 69.5 (9.1) | 66.9 (9.1) |
| 24-hour | 74.6 (9.0) | 74.4 (9.5) | 75.4 (8.4) | 74.0 (8.9) | 75.2 (9.5) | 73.5 (8.3) | 75.2 (9.0) | 74.7 (9.3) | 75.1 (8.8) | 74.1 (8.9) |
| Percentage SBP decline, % | 6.5 (6.7) | 2.6 (6.2) | 6.5 (4.9) | 10.2 (6.7) | 1.6 (6.3) | 6.4 (4.7) | 11.3 (5.2) | 4.1 (7.3) | 6.5 (5.6) | 8.7 (6.5) |
| Percentage DBP decline, % | 11.7 (8.0) | 7.8 (7.8) | 11.6 (6.6) | 15.8 (7.5) | 6.7 (7.2) | 11.6 (6.6) | 16.8 (6.8) | 9.7 (8.3) | 11.1 (7.1) | 14.3 (7.9) |
| BP dipping status | ||||||||||
| Reverse SBP dipping | 118 (15.5%) | 78 (30.8%) | 27 (10.6%) | 13 (5.1%) | 90 (35.6%) | 25 (9.8%) | 3 (1.2%) | 60 (24.5%) | 32 (11.9%) | 26 (10.5%) |
| Non-dipping SBP | 430 (56.5%) | 155 (61.3%) | 169 (66.3%) | 106 (41.9%) | 151 (59.7%) | 175 (68.9%) | 104 (40.9%) | 146 (59.6%) | 166 (61.9%) | 118 (47.6%) |
| SBP dipping | 197 (25.9%) | 20 (7.9%) | 58 (22.7%) | 119 (47.0%) | 12 (4.7%) | 54 (21.3%) | 131 (51.6%) | 36 (14.7%) | 68 (25.4%) | 93 (37.5%) |
| Extreme SBP dipping | 16 (2.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.4%) | 15 (5.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 16 (6.3%) | 3 (1.2%) | 2 (0.7%) | 11 (4.4%) |
The numbers in the table are mean (standard deviation) or percentage.
eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate.
SBP: systolic blood pressure.
DBP: diastolic blood pressure.