Table 3.
Hazard ratios for cardiovascular disease events associated with each type of morning systolic blood pressure surge (n=761).
| Type of morning SBP surge | N events/N participants | Hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||
| Sleep-trough morning SBP surge (range), mmHg | ||||
| Tertile 1 (−21.7 to < 12.1) | 23/253 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| Tertile 2 (12.1 to < 21.3) | 24/255 | 1.16 (0.65–2.06) | 1.25 (0.69–2.28) | 1.11 (0.61–2.02) |
| Tertile 3 (21.3 to 48.0) | 27/253 | 1.16 (0.66–2.04) | 1.25 (0.69–2.24) | 1.21 (0.67–2.16) |
| P-trend | − | 0.609 | 0.469 | 0.530 |
| Pre-awakening morning SBP surge (range), mmHg | ||||
| Tertile 1 (−25.2 to < 2.2) | 31/253 | 1(reference) | 1(reference) | 1(reference) |
| Tertile 2 (2.2 to < 10.9) | 17/254 | 0.59 (0.33–1.08) | 0.68 (0.37–1.27) | 0.77 (0.42–1.43) |
| Tertile 3 (10.9 to 37.3) | 26/254 | 1.04 (0.60–1.80) | 1.11 (0.64–1.92) | 1.18 (0.68–2.07) |
| P-trend | − | 0.959 | 0.778 | 0.607 |
| Rising morning SBP surge (range), mmHg | ||||
| Tertile 1 (−46.0 to < −2.0) | 26/245 | 1(reference) | 1(reference) | 1(reference) |
| Tertile 2 (−2.0 to < 7.0) | 22/268 | 0.79 (0.44–1.41) | 0.80 (0.45–1.44) | 0.92 (0.51–1.68) |
| Tertile 3 (7.0 to 43.0) | 26/248 | 1.03 (0.59–1.78) | 0.98 (0.56–1.73) | 1.05 (0.60–1.84) |
| P-trend | − | 0.939 | 0.956 | 0.873 |
SBP: systolic blood pressure.
The hazard ratios for cardiovascular disease are adjusted for the competing risk of death.
Model 1: Adjustment for age, sex, less than a high school education, body mass index and current smoking status.
Model 2: Adjustment for the variables in model 1 and diabetes status, estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, albumin to creatinine ratio > 30 mg/g, sleep duration, antihypertensive medication use and clinic systolic blood pressure.
Model 3: Adjustment for the variables in model 2 and 24-hour systolic blood pressure.