Table 6.
Summary of the distribution of each type of morning systolic blood pressure surge in prior studies and the current study.
| Type of morning SBP surge | Author, year | Country of origin for study participants (n participants) |
Distribution and thresholds for morning SBP surge, mmHg | Proportion of participants characterized by the thresholds for morning surge, % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prior study | Current study among black from the Jackson Heart Study | ||||
| Current study | |||||
| Sleep-trough SBP surge | Booth, 2019 (current study) |
United States (n=761 blacks) |
Tertile 1 −21.7 to < 12.1 | NA | 33.3% |
| Tertile 2: 12.1 to < 21.3 | 33.3% | ||||
| Tertile 3: 21.3 to 48.0 | 33.3% | ||||
| Pre-awakening SBP surge | Tertile 1: −25.2 to < 2.2 | NA | 33.3% | ||
| Tertile 2: 2.2 to < 10.9 | 33.3% | ||||
| Tertile 3: 10.9 to 37.3 | 33.3% | ||||
| Rising SBP surge | Tertile 1: −46.0 to < −2.0 | NA | 33.3% | ||
| Tertile 2: −2.0 to < 7.0 | 33.3% | ||||
| Tertile 3: 7.0 to 43.0 | 33.3% | ||||
| Prior studies | |||||
| Sleep-trough SBP surge | Kario, 20032 | Japan (n=519) |
> 55 (i.e., top decile) |
10% | 0.0% |
| Metoki, 20064 | Ohasama, Iwate Prefecture, Japan (n=1430) |
Quintile 1: < 16 | Quintile 1: 20% | 47.4% | |
| Quintile 2: 16 to 23 | Quintile 2: 20% | 24.7% | |||
| Quintile 3: NR | Quintile 3: 20% | NA | |||
| Quintile 4: NR | Quintile 4: 20% | NA | |||
| Quintile 5: ≥ 40 | Quintile 5: 20% | 2.9% | |||
| Amici, 20095 | Italy (n=42) |
≥ 34 (i.e., top tertile) |
33.3% | 7.1% | |
| Li, 20106 | Europe, Asia and South America: IDACO (n=5645) |
≥ 37 (i.e., top decile) |
10% | 4.6% | |
| >20.9 | NR | 34.7% | |||
| Verdecchia, 201218 | Italy: Progetto Ipertensione Umbria Monitoraggio Ambulatoriale Study (n=3012) |
Quartile 1: ≤ 19.5 | Quartile 1: 25% | 60.8% | |
| Quartile 2: 19.5 to ≤ 27.5 | Quartile 2: 25% | 22.9% | |||
| Quartile 3: 27.5 to ≤ 36 | Quartile 3: 25% | 11.4% | |||
| Quartile 4: > 36 | Quartile 4: 25% | 4.9% | |||
| Pre-awakening SBP surge | Metoki, 20064 | Ohasama, Iwate Prefecture, Japan (n=1430) |
Quintile 1: < 3 | Quintile 1: 20% | 35.7% |
| Quintile 2: 3 to ≤ 11 | Quintile 2: 20% | 31.0% | |||
| Quintile 3: 11 to ≤ 17 | Quintile 3: 20% | 19.4% | |||
| Quintile 4: 17 to ≤ 25 | Quintile 4: 20% | 10.1% | |||
| Quintile 5: > 25 | Quintile 5: 20% | 3.7% | |||
| Li, 20106 | Europe, Asia and South America: IDACO (n=5645) |
≥ 28 (i.e., top decile) |
10% | 2.5% | |
| >21.5 | NR | 5.7% | |||
| Verdecchia, 201218 | Italy: Progetto Ipertensione Umbria Monitoraggio Ambulatoriale Study (n=3012) |
Quartile 1: ≤ 9.5 | Quartile 1: 25% | 61.8% | |
| Quartile 2: > 9.5 to ≤ 17.5 | Quartile 2: 25% | 25.5% | |||
| Quartile 3: > 17.5 to ≤ 27.5 | Quartile 3: 25% | 10.0% | |||
| Quartile 4: >27.5 | Quartile 4: 25% | 2.8% | |||
| Cocchina, 201919 | Italy (n=1073) |
> 27 (i.e. top decile) |
10% | 3.2% | |
| Rising SBP surge | Israel, 201117 | Israel (n=2627) |
≥ 40 (i.e., top decile) |
10% | 0.0% |
SBP: systolic blood pressure.
NA: not applicable
NR: not reported.
IDACO: International Database of Ambulatory BP in relation to Cardiovascular Outcome