Fig. 2.

The effect of standing on glucose control. During each trial, a 500-kcal breakfast meal was provided. The trials were identical except that participants stood for 30 min either immediately before (trial B), immediately after (trial C), 30 min after (trial D), or more than 2 h after (control; trial A) meal ingestion. Interstitial glucose concentrations were measured for 2 h postprandially (a). The mean glucose (b), coefficient of variation of glucose (CV; c), and area under the glucose curve (AUC; d) during the 2-h postprandial period were calculated. Two-way ANOVA showed a significant main effect of time (P < 0.001), trial (P = 0.009), and a time × trial interaction (P = 0.002) for glucose time-course responses to meal ingestion (a). One-way ANOVA showed a main effect of trial for mean glucose (P < 0.05; b), but post hoc tests did not identify significant differences between trials (all comparisons P > 0.05 including P = 0.06 for immediate post-meal standing vs. control). The main effect of trial for CV was not significant but likely underpowered (P = 0.06; c). A main effect of trial was found for AUC (P < 0.05; d); post hoc tests showed a significant difference between immediate post-meal standing and control (P = 0.05). Data represent mean ± SD from N = 16 participants