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. 2020 Feb 21;10:3205. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-60196-y

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Bio-composite material vessel fabrication. (a) Composite biomaterial (bio-based, biocompatible and biodegradable): matrix (red, functions), interface (green, performance and stability) and reinforcement (yellow, fibre, nanoparticles, nano-tubes, etc.). (b) Bio-composite material (Nano-functionalised 4D bio-engineered scaffold): matrix (blue, functions), interface (green, performance and stability) and fibre (red, composite/biocomposite scaffold reinforcement).(c) Bio-composite material vessel schema: nano-laden fibre (yellow points and red), interface (green), not functionalised matrix (blue) and functionalised matrix (white). (d) 3D digital model of complex vessel. (e) Complex vessel section; (f) Nano-functionalised 4D Bio-engineered scaffold perfusion test. (g) Complex geometry aerogel scaffold (left panel) and related detail (right panel, 4x magnification). (h) Aerogel with functionalised surface micro-porosity (left panel) and related detail (right panel, 4x magnification). (i) Nano-laden bioengineered scaffold (left panel) and related detail (right panel, 4x magnification). (j) Dehydrated 5D bioprinted vascular device after more than 24 months of petri dish storage. (k) Bio-composite material customisation schema: nano-laden fibre (yellow points and red), interface (green), not functionalised matrix (blue), functionalised matrix for dedicated cells (yellow), adhesive coating (black) and customised matrix for physiology analyses (white point and violet).