Table 2.
Cognitive, retinopathy, and CAN measures stratified by glycemic status
| Variable | Lean control group (n = 46) | Obese group | P value: Obese-normoglycemic vs. lean | P value: Glycemic trend | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normoglycemic (n = 33) | Prediabetes (n = 56) | Diabetes (n = 49) | ||||
| Cognitive outcomes | ||||||
| NIH Toolbox composite* | 0.4 (0.8) | −0.1 (0.9) | −0.2 (1.1) | −0.3 (1.0) | 0.04 | 0.42 |
| Rey AVLT delayed recall* | 0.16 (1.1) | 0.04 (1.0) | −0.0001 (1.0) | −0.21 (0.9) | 0.66 | 0.25 |
| Autonomic outcomes | ||||||
| E-to-I ratio | 1.2 (0.1) | 1.2 (0.1) | 1.2 (0.1) | 1.1 (0.1) | 0.67 | <0.01 |
| SAS | 3.3 (4.8) | 5.3 (3.9) | 6.5 (6.1) | 9.0 (8.6) | 0.04 | 0.01 |
| Retinopathy outcomes | ||||||
| Mean deviation | −0.3 (2.8) | −0.4 (2.7) | −2.1 (4.0) | −1.4 (4.4) | 0.86 | 0.36 |
| PSD | 2.9 (0.6) | 3.2 (0.9) | 3.4 (1.1) | 3.2 (1.0) | 0.14 | 0.94 |
| Fovea | 28.9 (4.2) | 28.9 (4.8) | 26.0 (4.3) | 26.3 (5.1) | 0.97 | 0.03 |
| Kidney outcomes | ||||||
| ACR, mg/g | 34.7 (221.6) | 136.4 (729.4) | 130.9 (420.1) | 26.8 (122.3) | 0.46 | 0.24 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 87.9 (14.2) | 95.2 (21.9) | 92.4 (22.0) | 87.2 (24.1) | 0.10 | 0.11 |
| Neuropathy outcomes | ||||||
| NFD leg, fibers/mm | 13.7 (6.3) | 10.2 (7.5) | 8.6 (6.3) | 5.8 (6.4) | 0.04 | <0.01 |
| Sural amplitude, μV | 20.7 (9.0) | 9.7 (6.5) | 11.7 (6.8) | 8.6 (6.4) | <0.01 | 0.30 |
Data are mean (SD). PSD, pattern SD.
*
NIH Toolbox and Rey AVLT outcomes are standardized according to patient age and WRAT4 score.