Fig. 3.

Maternal liver and embryo total NAD levels (NAD⁺ and NADH) and phenotypic embryo outcomes at E11.5. Dots represent NAD levels, and bars indicate the mean ± SD. (A) Maternal liver NAD levels. Treatment groups are indicated on the top. The parental and embryo Haao genotypes are indicated at the bottom. Liver tissue was collected at E11.5 along with the embryos. The first column represents liver NAD levels of nonpregnant females maintained on standard diet for at least 3 wk prior to dissection, which were of similar age to the pregnant females. (B) Whole-embryo NAD levels. Analyzed embryos were offspring of the mothers with liver NAD levels that were measured. The total numbers and percentages of live and dead embryos observed with each treatment condition are indicated at the bottom. Note that not every collected embryo underwent NAD measurement. Asterisks indicate NAD levels that are significantly different to those of the pregnant C57BL/6J wild-type standard diet group (second column) by one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test with *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ****P < 0.0001. A summary of NAD level values is in Table 3 and SI Appendix, Table S3. n.a., not applicable (no embryos in nonpregnant females); ns, not significant.