Fig. 7.

Schematic of proposed mechanism of action of normalization strategies to improve immunotherapy. (Adapted with permission from ref. 7.) Combined administration of immunotherapy with stroma and/or vascular normalization restores vascular functionality and alleviates solid stress, leading to improved tumor perfusion and oxygenation, skewing TAM polarization away from the immunosuppressive M2-like phenotype to the M1-like phenotype, stimulating immunity (e.g., CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells) and thus increasing cancer cell killing.