Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants (N = 419)
| Characteristic | All | Poor adherence | Good adherence | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (N = 419) | (n = 313) | (n = 106) | ||
| Age | 46.4 (18.9) | 45.5 (19.0) | 49.1 (18.6) | 0.09 |
| Age groups | ||||
| < 30 | 103 (24.6%) | 82 (26.2%) | 21 (19.8%) | 0.19 |
| 30–50 | 129 (30.8%) | 96 (30.7%) | 33 (31.1%) | 0.94 |
| > 50 | 187 (44.6%) | 135 (43.1%) | 52 (49.1%) | 0.28 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 182 (43.4%) | 139 (44.4%) | 43 (40.6%) | 0.5 |
| Female | 237 (56.6%) | 174 (55.6%) | 63 (59.4%) | |
| Residence | ||||
| Urban | 283 (67.5%) | 197 (62.9%) | 86 (81.1%) | 0.001 |
| Rural | 136 (32.5%) | 116 (37.1%) | 20 (18.9%) | |
| Marital status | ||||
| Single | 100 (23.9%) | 82 (26.2%) | 18 (17.0%) | 0.05 |
| Married | 296 (70.6%) | 213 (68.1%) | 83 (78.3%) | 0.05 |
| Divorced/widowed | 23 (05.5%) | 18 (05.7%) | 5 (04.7%) | 0.67 |
| Education | ||||
| None | 16 (03.8%) | 12 (03.9%) | 4 (03.8%) | 0.96 |
| Primary | 295 (70.4%) | 248 (79.2%) | 47 (44.3%) | <0.001 |
| Secondary | 68 (16.2%) | 36 (11.5%) | 32 (30.2%) | <0.001 |
| University | 40 (09.6%) | 17 (05.4%) | 23 (21.7%) | <0.001 |
| Occupation | ||||
| None | 76 (18.1%) | 47 (15.0%) | 29 (27.3%) | <0.01 |
| Employed/self-employed | 311 (74.3%) | 250 (79.9%) | 61 (57.6%) | <0.001 |
| Retired | 32 (07.6%) | 16 (05.1%) | 16 (15.1%) | 0.001 |
| Body mass index | 25.1 (05.2) | 24.8 (04.2) | 26.0 (07.4) | 0.04 |
| BMI categories | ||||
| Underweight | 11 (02.6%) | 7 (02.2%) | 4 (03.8%) | 0.37 |
| Normal | 243 (58. 0%) | 188 (60.1%) | 55 (51.9%) | 0.14 |
| Overweight | 105 (25.1%) | 79 (25.2%) | 26 (24.5%) | 0.89 |
| Obese | 60 (14.3%) | 39 (12.5%) | 21 (19.8%) | 0.06 |
| Health insured | ||||
| Yes | 93 (22.2%) | 32 (10.2%) | 61 (57.6%) | <0.001 |
| No | 326 (77.8%) | 281 (89.8%) | 45 (42.4%) | |
| HF etiology | ||||
| DCM | 113 (27.0%) | 78 (24.9%) | 34 (32.1%) | 0.15 |
| HHD | 168 (40.1%) | 134 (42.8%) | 35 (33.0%) | 0.08 |
| RHD | 97 (23.2%) | 72 (23.0%) | 25 (23.6%) | 0.9 |
| Others | 41 (09.8%) | 29 (09.3%) | 12 (11.3%) | 0.55 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension | 221 (52.7%) | 171 (54.6%) | 50 (47.2%) | 0.19 |
| Diabetes | 57 (13.6%) | 39 (12.5%) | 18 (17.0%) | 0.24 |
| HIV/AIDS | 28 (06.7%) | 15 (04.8%) | 13 (12.3%) | 0.01 |
| Renal insufficiency | 215 (51.3%) | 163 (52.1%) | 52 (49.1%) | 0.59 |
| eGFR < 15 | 100 (23.9%) | 80 (25.6%) | 20 (18.9%) | 0.16 |
| Anemia | 302 (72.1%) | 234 (74.8%) | 68 (64.2%) | 0.04 |
| Hb < 8 g/dL | 99 (23.6%) | 75 (24.0%) | 24 (22.6%) | 0.77 |
| NYHA class | ||||
| II | 30 (07.2%) | 19 (06.0%) | 11 (10.4%) | 0.13 |
| III | 153 (36.5%) | 112 (35.8%) | 41 (38.7%) | 0.59 |
| IV | 236 (56.3%) | 182 (58.2%) | 54 (50.9%) | 0.19 |
| Systolic functions | ||||
| Preserved (HFpEF) | 135 (32.2%) | 96 (71.1%) | 39 (28.9%) | 0.24 |
| Reduced (HFrEF) | 284 (67.8%) | 217 (76.4%) | 67 (23.6%) | |
| Admission days | 14.0 (13.3) | 13.8 (13.4) | 14.3 (12.8) | 0.74 |
| HF-related hospitalization | ||||
| 1st | 211 (50.4%) | 167 (53.3%) | 44 (41.5%) | 0.04 |
| > 1 | 208 (49.6%) | 146 (46.7%) | 62 (58.5%) | |