TABLE 1.
Maternal sociodemographic and health factors and any atypical antipsychotic medication usea during pregnancy among control mothers, National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997–2011
| Maternal Factors | Exposed to atypical antipsychotic medications during pregnancyb,c (N = 17) | Unexposed to atypical antipsychotic medications during pregnancyb,c (N = 11 598) | cORd | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | ||||
| <35 | 13 (76.5%) | 9,962 (85.9%) | 0.5 | [0.2, 1.6] |
| ≥35 [ref] | 4 (23.5%) | 1,636 (14.1%) | ||
| Non-Hispanic white race/ethnicity | ||||
| Yes | 12 (70.6%) | 6,742 (58.2%) | 1.7 | [0.6, 4.9] |
| No [ref] | 5 (29.4%) | 4,850 (41.8%) | ||
| Education (years) | ||||
| >12 | 9 (52.9%) | 6,845 (59.7%) | 0.8 | [0.3, 2.0] |
| ≤12 [ref] | 8 (47.1%) | 4,621 (40.3%) | ||
| Number of previous birthse | ||||
| One or more | 11 (64.7%) | 7,042 (60.7%) | 1.2 | [0.4, 3.2] |
| None [ref] | 6 (35.3%) | 4,552 (39.3%) | ||
| Pregnancy intentionf | ||||
| Wanted to be pregnant then | 8 (57.1%) | 5,601 (59.3%) | 0.9 | [0.3, 2.6] |
| Other intention [ref] | 6 (42.9%) | 3,847 (40.7%) | ||
| Pre-pregnancy obesity (BMI kg/m2) | ||||
| ≥30 | 8 (47.1%) | 2,035 (18.3%) | 4.0 | [1.5, 10.3] |
| <30 [ref] | 9 (52.9%) | 9,080 (81.7%) | ||
| Any early pregnancy folic acid useg | ||||
| Yes | 5 (29.4%) | 6,135 (52.9%) | 0.4 | [0.1, 1.1] |
| No [ref] | 12 (70.6%) | 5,462 (47.1%) | ||
| Any illicit drug useh | ||||
| Yes | 6 (35.3%) | 626 (5.4%) | 9.6 | [3.5, 25.9] |
| No/Not Known [ref] | 11 (64.7%) | 10 972 (94.6%) | ||
| Any smokingb | ||||
| Yes | 7 (41.2%) | 2,087 (18.1%) | 3.2 | [1.2, 8.3] |
| No [ref] | 10 (58.8%) | 9,420 (81.9%) | ||
| Any alcohol useb | ||||
| Yes | 10 (58.8%) | 4,544 (39.6%) | 2.2 | [0.8, 5.7] |
| No [ref] | 7 (41.2%) | 6,932 (60.4%) | ||
| Other Psychiatric Medication Use | ||||
| Anxiolytic medicationsb,i | ||||
| Yes | 4 (23.5%) | 97 (0.8%) | 36.5 | [11.7, 113.9] |
| No [ref] | 13 (76.5%) | 11 500 (99.2%) | ||
| Anticonvulsant medicationsb,i | ||||
| Yes | 5 (29.4%) | 52 (0.4%) | 92.5 | [31.5, 271.9] |
| No [ref] | 12 (70.6%) | 11 545 (99.6%) | ||
| Antidepressant medicationsb,i | ||||
| Yes | 11 (64.7%) | 553 (4.8%) | 36.6 | [13.5, 99.3] |
| No [ref] | 6 (35.3%) | 11 037(95.2%) |
Mothers of control infants reported use ot the following atypical antipsychotic medications: aripiprazole, olanzapine, quetiapine, and risperidone;
From the month before conception to pregnancy end;
Column counts and percentages may not equal the expected N due to missing data on maternal factors;
Bolded results in the table reflect elevated associations with cOR ≥2.0;
Includes previous live births and stillbirths;
Other intention includes women who wanted to wait until later to become pregnant, those who did not want to be pregnant at all, and those who did not care about becoming pregnant;
From the month before conception through the first month of pregnancy;
From three months before conception to pregnancy end;
Medications included in the anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, and antidepressant medication categories can be found in the National Institute of Mental Health mental health medication list;
Abbreviations: 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; cOR, crude (unadjusted) odds ratio; Ref, reference category.