Table 1.
Participant demographics
| Women with moderate or severe sleep complaints | Women without sleep complaints | χ2 -Test | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 277) | % | (n = 1061) | % | Test statistic | p-value | |
| Questionnaire | ||||||
| Married or cohabiting | 260 | 93.8 | 1030 | 97 .0 | 6.798 | 0.0334 |
| Children living at home | 153 | 55.2 | 626 | 59.0 | 1.281 | 0.2739 |
| Education level: | ||||||
| Primary education | 90 | 32.5 | 319 | 30.1 | 12.263 | 0.0065 |
| vSecondary education | 74 | 26.7 | 347 | 32.7 | ||
| Higher education | 42 | 15.2 | 207 | 19.5 | ||
| Occupation: | ||||||
| Employed | 187 | 67.5 | 812 | 76.5 | 14.530 | 0.0058 |
| Student | 55 | 19.9 | 142 | 13.4 | ||
| Other | 13 | 4.7 | 41 | 3.9 | ||
| Unemployed | 13 | 4.7 | 53 | 5.0 | ||
| Sick leave | 9 | 3.2 | 13 | 1.2 | ||
| Household income: | ||||||
| < 39,999 EUR | 46 | 16.6 | 119 | 11.2 | 12.681 | 0.0129 |
| 40,000-79,999 | 90 | 32.5 | 316 | 29.8 | ||
| 80,000-119,999 | 80 | 28.9 | 365 | 34.4 | ||
| > 120,000 | 19 | 6.9 | 121 | 11.4 | ||
| Do not want to answer | 42 | 15.2 | 140 | 13.2 | ||
| Self-rated health: | ||||||
| Very good | 23 | 8.3 | 172 | 16.2 | 68.090 | <.0001 |
| Good | 149 | 53.8 | 719 | 67.8 | ||
| Fair | 92 | 33.2 | 154 | 14.5 | ||
| Poor | 13 | 4.7 | 16 | 1.5 | ||
| Very poor | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | ||
| Self-assessed physical form / fitness: | ||||||
| Very good | 4 | 1.4 | 39 | 3.7 | 20.712 | 0.0004 |
| Good | 60 | 21.7 | 283 | 26.7 | ||
| Fair | 123 | 44.4 | 504 | 47.5 | ||
| Poor | 78 | 28.2 | 220 | 20.7 | ||
| Very poor | 12 | 4.3 | 15 | 1.4 | ||
| History of psychological difficulties: | ||||||
| Yes but I did not seek treatment | 60 | 21.7 | 204 | 19.2 | 28.773 | <.0001 |
| Yes, and I did seek treatment | 113 | 40.8 | 279 | 26.3 | ||
| Depression | 113 | 40.8 | 112 | 10.6 | 143.577 | <.0001 |
| Anxiety | 47 | 17.0 | 48 | 4.5 | 51.563 | <.0001 |
| Pregnancy Health Record | ||||||
| Age: | ||||||
| < 25 years | 48 | 17.3 | 123 | 11.6 | 9.883 | 0.0196 |
| 26–30 years | 101 | 36.5 | 363 | 34.2 | ||
| 31–35 years | 76 | 27.4 | 373 | 35.2 | ||
| 36+ years | 52 | 18.8 | 202 | 19.0 | ||
| Smoking during pregnancy | 18 | 6.5 | 72 | 6.8 | 0.029 | 1.000 |
| Alcohol during pregnancy | 2 | 0.7 | 7 | 0.7 | 0.013 | 1.000 |
| Use of recreational drugs | 1 | 0.4 | 2 | 0.2 | 0.292 | 0.5017 |
| Psychiatric disease | 32 | 11.6 | 65 | 6.1 | 9.618 | 0.0038 |
| Fertility treatment | 35 | 12.6 | 95 | 9.0 | 3.394 | 0.0689 |
| Abortion: | ||||||
| Miscarriage, one spontaneous | 43 | 19.5 | 125 | 11.8 | 6.570 | 0.1604 |
| Miscarriage, several times | 23 | 8.3 | 78 | 7.4 | ||
| Induced abortion | 53 | 19,2 | 171 | 16.1 | ||
| Given birth: | ||||||
| Yes, once | 102 | 36.8 | 390 | 36.8 | 2.080 | 0.3535 |
| Yes, several times | 41 | 14.8 | 194 | 18.3 | ||
| Gestation age, weeks: | ||||||
| 5–10 weeks | 109 | 40.4 | 435 | 42.1 | 0.2790 | 0.5974 |
| 11–16 weeks | 161 | 59.6 | 597 | 57.9 | ||
Characteristics of all 1338 participating women and the 277 women with significant sleep problems (one or more” moderate or severe sleep complaints”)
Footnote: We have missing gestation age data from 36 women. 29 of these women did not have a sleep problem and 7 women did have one. These were included in the analysis because with a high likelihood they have a gestation age less than 17 weeks