Table 1.
Sample description
| ASD | TD | Statistics: ASD vs. TD | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total n | 205 | 189 | |
| Demographics | |||
| Sex (male/female) | 151/54 | 123/66 | χ2(1) = 3.42, p = .079 |
| Age (years) | 17.9 ± 5.4 (7.1–30.6) | 18.0 ± 5.5 (7.6–31.0) | t(392) = .32, p = .749 |
| IQ (full IQ) | 107.1 ± 14.2 (75.6–148.0) | 108.5 ± 12.1 (76.8–142.0) | t(390) = 1.05, p = .295 |
| Handedness (right/left/ambidext/unknown) | 146/22/8/29 | 131/16/4/38 | χ2(3) = 3.66, p = .301 |
| Medication use (% of subjects)1 | 40.5 | 5.8 | χ2(1) = 62.37, p < .001 |
| In-scanner performance | |||
| Mean framewise displacement (FD; in mm)2 | .14 ± .08 (.03–.47) | .12 ± .08 (.03–.42) | t(392) = 1.88, p = .061 |
| Volumes with FD > 0.5 mm (%) | 3.55 ± 4.74 (0–19.40) | 3.17 ± 4.33 (0–19.73) | t(392) = .82, p = .412 |
| Signal-to-noise ratio | 9.7 ± 1.3 (6.5–13.8) | 9.9 ± 1.4 (6.5–13.8) | t(392) = 1.42, p = .155 |
| Task accuracy | .81 ±.13 (.33–1.0) | .83 ± .13 (0–1.0) | t(392) = 1.30, p = .194 |
| Clinical characteristics | |||
| ADI-R3 | |||
| Social interaction | 15.5 ± 6.7 (0–29) | ||
| Communication | 12.6 ± 5.6 (0–26) | ||
| RRB | 4.5 ± 2.6 (0–12) | ||
| ADOS-24 | |||
| Social affect | 5.7 ± 2.5 (1–10) | ||
| RRB | 4.7 ± 2.6 (1–10) | ||
| Total | 5.0 ± 2.6 (1–10) | ||
| SRS-2 (parent report)5 | |||
| Raw score | 86.1 ± 30.6 (21–163) | 19.9 ± 14.4 (1–74) | t(245) = 19.07, p < .001 |
| T score | 69.2 ± 12.1 (43–90) | 45.1 ± 5.8 (37–66) | t(245) = 17.54, p < .001 |
| DAWBA comorbidities6 | |||
| ADHD symptoms | 1.6 ± 1.6 (0–5) | .2 ± .7 (0–3) | t(211) = 7.25, p < .001 |
| Depression symptoms | 1.1 ± 1.3 (0–5) | .4 ± .7 (0–4) | t(311) = 5.66, p < .001 |
| Anxiety symptoms | 2.5 ± 1.3 (0–5) | 1.2 ± .9 (0–4) | t(348) = 11.06, p < .001 |
Participant characteristics, split by sample and age group. If not otherwise indicated, numbers reflect mean ± standard deviation, followed by value range (minimum–maximum)
1Percentage of participants taking medication prescribed for behavioral or neurological problems. Medication data was available for 132 ASD and 78 TD participants. See Additional file 1: Table S1 more information on medication
2Motion was assessed as mean framewise displacement according to [38]
3Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R [36]) scores were computed for reciprocal interaction (social interaction), communication, and restrictive, repetitive stereotyped behaviors and interests (RRB). ADI-R scores reflect historical symptom severity (age 4–5 years) and were available for 197 ASD participants
4Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule 2 (ADOS-2 [35]). Calibrated severity scores [39] were computed for social affect, RRB, and the overall total score. ADOS-2 scores reflect current symptom severity and were available for 198 ASD participants
5Total raw and total T score (sex and age normalized) on the Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2 [40]). SRS-2 scores were available for 247 participants (i.e., TD adults are excluded from this measure; see Additional file 1 for analyses using self-reported SRS-2 scores). The raw SRS-2 scores were used in our analyses
6Comorbid symptoms of ADHD, depression, and anxiety were assessed with the Development and Well-Being Assessment (DAWBA [41]), generating six levels (ordinal scores 0 to 5) of prediction of the probability of a disorder (~ 0.1%, ~ 0.5%, ~ 3%, ~ 15%, ~ 50%, > 70%). DAWBA scores were available for 167 ASD and 146 TD participants for depression, 140 ASD and 73 TD participants for ADHD, and 183 ASD and 167 TD participants for anxiety