. 2020 Jan 28;10(1):24–37. doi: 10.15171/hpp.2020.06

Table 1. Characteristics of included studies .

Author Details	Country	Intervention (PHC Component) Approach	Study population/Comparators	Study Design/Approach/Duration	Study Setting	Study Results	Quality
Adam 2016³⁵	Sudan	Reproductive health programme (Health education, MCH) - Emergency Reproductive Health program	Women (15–49 years)	Community pre- and post-test intervention without control - 26 months	Clinics (PHC)	Increase in women receiving home-based FP counselling (7.3% to 59.8%), current modern FP use (10.9% to 21.6%), and awareness of modern FP (60.2% to 85.0%)	Strong
Bøhler et al 2005³⁶	Sudan	Tuberculosis Programme (Treatment) -National Tuberculosis Programme	Tuberculosis patients Comparison: Non-IDPs	Individual retrospective register analysis - 6 months	Camps and Neighbouring community	Improved treatment outcomes: cure; completed; died; failed (defaulted, transferred)]: - New cases: IDPs [65%; 9.3%; 4.5%; (15%, 5.7%)], Non-IDPs [43.5%; 21%; 3.6%; (21%, 9.4%)]. - Retreatment cases: IDPs [54.2%; 12.5%; 2.1%; (29.2%, 2.1%)], Non-IDPs [64.3%; 7.1%; 0%; (28.6%, 0%)].	Moderate
Bolton et al 2007³⁷	Uganda	Mental health (Treatment) -Interpersonal psychotherapy (ITP) and creative play (CP) groups	14 to17 years old (adolescents) Comparison :IDPs	Group randomized controlled trial - 8 months	Camps	Reduced mean depression symptom scores: ITP (16.5%), CP (19.2%), control (17.0%)	Strong
Cunningham 2011³⁸	Sudan	Reproductive Health (MCH) - Antenatal (ANC), postnatal (PNC) post-rape care, childbirth care and gynaecology service	Displaced women and residents	Group case study triangulation of data (documents review, interviews and observation) - Duration unclear	Non-camp populations	ANC coverage 95%; Increase in delivery uptake (3%), family planning (2%), and PNC (17%). Quality of sexually transmitted infection (STI) case management 58%.	NA
Doocy et al 2006³⁹	Liberia	Water treatment (Disease Prevention, Water & Sanitation) - Point-of-use water treatment using flocculant–disinfectant technology	<5 children Comparison :IDPs	Community semi- experimental study with pre- and post-test - 3 months	Camps	Reduced diarrhoea incidence and prevalence by 90% and 83% respectively, compared with control.	Strong
Elsanousi et al 2009⁴⁰	Sudan	Water treatment (Disease Prevention, Water & Sanitation) - Use of LifeStraw water filter in a tube carried around the neck.	All residents >2 years old	Community semi-experimental study with pre- and post-test 8 months	Camp	Compliance rates: Always used (86.5%), Occasionally used (9.8%) Never used (3.7%) Reduced diarrhoea incidence (15.3% to 2.3%)	Strong
Garang et al 2009⁴¹	Uganda	HIV Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) (Treatment) - Provision of free HIV and ART care	Adults (>=18 years) receiving ART Comparison: Non-IDPs	Individual intervention without pre-test 2 months	Hospital	Overall mean 4-day adherence: 99.5%. No significant difference in adherence between IDPs and non-IDPs (99.6% and 99.5%, p=0.86).	Strong
Goodrich et al 2013⁴²	Kenya	HIV Care (Essential Drugs, Treatment) -Provision of HIV care	IDPs	Case study of individual medical records - 6 months	Clinic	23 949 patient visit compared to 23 259 previously scheduled (1.03% increase) 1420 HIV patients in IDP camps seen Basic provisions distributed to >1290 patients and their dependents.	Moderate
Hamze et al 2016⁴³	DRC	Malaria (Treatment) - Mass drug administration; and mass screening and treatment	<5 children Comparison: IDPs	Group cohort intervention 3 months	Clinic	Detected 29 malaria cases through active case-finding.	Moderate
Huhn et al 2006⁴⁴	Liberia	Yellow fever vaccination (Disease Prevention, Immunization) -Mass yellow fever immunization	Households	Community intervention without pre-test and control 3 months	Camps	Coverage rates exceeded 90% by self-report and 80% by vaccination card evidence. 97.6% IDPs informed of vaccination campaign, 91.9% vaccinated during campaign, only 83.5% had vaccination cards.	Strong
Humayun et al 2016⁴⁵	Pakistan	Mental health (Essential Drugs, Treatment) - Psychosocial support and specialist care for child, treat mental disorders and offer medication.	IDP and Residents	Individual intervention without pre-test and control group - 6 months	Not clear	Drug prescription were anti-depressant (75%), anti-psychotics (10%) and anti-convulsant (8%) 60% of cases offered both pharmacological and psychological treatments.	Moderate
Jayatissa et al 2012⁴⁶	Sri Lanka	Food distribution (Food & Nutrition) -Nutrition Rehabilitation Program offering therapeutic & supplementary food supply and blanket feeding	Children (<5 years)	Community intervention with pre- and post-test - 16 months	Camps	Reduction in prevalence of GAM (47%), SAM (80%) and MAM (39%). Anaemia prevalence remained high at 34% compared to national prevalence of 25%.	Moderate
Kim et al 2009⁴⁷	DRC	HIV treatment (MCH, Treatment) - HIV and syphilis testing and HIV counselling and testing services	Women (15–49 years) Comparison:Non-IDP women	Random household group intervention without pre-test - 3 months	Camp and surrounding resident populations	HIV prevalence higher among IDP compared to the non-IDPs women (7.6% to 3.1%)	Strong
Kolaczinski et al 2006⁴⁸	Uganda	Malaria treatment and management (Essential Drugs, Treatment) - Home-based management of fever	Caretakers of <5 children	Community intervention without pre-test and control - 1 week	Camps	95.0% children received correct dose and 96.3% overall adherence.	Moderate
Lee et al 2009⁴⁹	Myanmar	Human resources for health (Disease Prevention, Health Education, Treatment) - Village Health Worker (VHW) partnerships malaria control	IDP-VHW and General population	Community intervention case study - 5 years	Not clear	3-fold increase in health worker density from 22 per 10 000 persons to 90 per 10 000 Increased integrated malaria control reach from 3000 to 40 000 IDPs.	Weak
Morris et al 2012⁵⁰	Uganda	Mental health - MCH Feeding (Food & Nutrition, MCH, Treatment) -Community-based feeding program with psychosocial intervention	Mother-baby pair Comparison: IDP	Group semi-experimental study with pre- and post-test - 9 months	Community-based	Greater involvement with babies’ emotional responsibility and less sadness and worry among the intervention group compared to the contrast group.	Strong
Mullany et al 2010⁵¹	Myanmar	Maternal health care (MCH) - Mobile Obstetric Medics Project 3-tiered community-based maternal health workers network	Ever-married women (15–45 years)	Community-based pre- and post-test intervention without control - 3 years	General Community	Most recent pregnancy more likely to receive ANC (71.8% vs 39.3%) and other interventions. Increased PNC uptake (33.7% to 69.8%), use of modern methods to avoid pregnancy (23.9% to 45.0%) and birth taken by trained emergency obstetric care staff (5.1% to 48.7%) Reduced unmet contraception need (61.7% to 40.5%)	Strong
Nakimuli-Mpungu et al 2013⁵²	Uganda	Mental health (Treatment) -Provision of routine psychological treatments including group counselling (GC)	Adults with war trauma history Comparison: IDP	Group quasi-experiment cohort study - 6 months	Clinic	Faster reduction in depression at 6-month and post-traumatic stress at 3-month among GC participants; Attendance to two or more sessions increased function scores Higher depression symptom scores if residing in IDP camps	Strong
Oladeji et al 2019⁵³	South Sudan	Immunization (Disease Prevention, MCH, Food & Nutrition) - Integration of immunization into nutrition services	Children	Community and health facility intervention with pre- and post; without control - 12 months	Clinic	Increased number immunized children between 2016 and 2017: BCG (2706 vs 3411), OPV (2,449 vs 3784), Penta (2,105 vs 3700), Measles (5,680 vs 7273) Lower dropout rate in intervention than PHC centres: In Sector 2 (OR: 0.45; 95% CI: 0.36- 0.55), P <0.05), In sector 5 (OR: 0.27; 95% CI: 0.20 -0.35) P <0.05).	Moderate
Peprah et al 2016⁵⁴	South Sudan	Cholera vaccination (Disease Prevention, Health Education, Immunization) - Oral cholera vaccination (OCV) campaigns and education	Adults	Individual qualitative semi-structured interviews without control - 3 months	Camps	OVC reached 85–96% of the target population. Heightened fear of disease and political danger contributed to camp residents’ perception of cholera More trust in the United Nations and NGO staff providing vaccine not the national government	Strong
Pinto et al 2005⁵⁵	Sudan	Surveillance (Disease Prevention) - Early Warning System using national communicable disease surveillance system	IDP Camps	Community intervention without pre-test and control - 3 months	Camps	76% of camps reported data regularly after 10 weeks of implementation 179,795 consultations reported included ARI (18.7%), malaria (15%), bloody diarrhoea (8.4%); and SAM (1%). More than 1,000 cases of acute watery diarrhoea reported. Two outbreaks of Shigella dysenteriae detected 868 deaths reported	Moderate
Richards et al 2009⁵⁶	Myanmar	Malaria control (Disease Prevention, Health Education, Treatment) -Integrated malaria control	All IDPs	Community intervention with pre- and post-test - 27 months	Clinics	Reduction in P. falciparum prevalence (8.4% to 1.1%); annual incidence (232 to 70 per cases/1000/year) Improvement in household members sleeping under an LLITN (0% to 89%) and malaria knowledge in all areas. Higher mean number of IDPs per net owned compared to non-IDPs (3.1 vs 2.7)	Moderate
Sami et al 2017⁵⁷	South Sudan	Newborn health services (MCH) - Facility-based newborn health services	Mothers	Clinical observation and qualitative interview without pre-test and control - 3 months	Camp clinics	Minimal time is spent on PNC by staff (6.2%), PNC less consistently monitored (27.7%) and deliveries by skilled attendants more likely to receive PNC monitoring Selected components commonly practised: thermal care (62.5%), infection prevention (74.8%), and feeding support (63.6%) Poor availability of essential drugs compared to requirements at primary care level (9 of 25) and hospital (20 of 37) Poor mothers’ knowledge of danger signs: fever (44.8%), not feeding well (41.0%), difficulty breathing (28.9%), reduced activity (27.7%), feeling cold (18.0%) and convulsions (11.2%).	Strong
Sonderegger et al 2011⁵⁸	Uganda	Mental health (Treatment) -Culturally sensitive and cognitive behaviour therapy	War-affected IDPs Comparison: IDPs	Group randomized intervention with pre- and post-test - 1 month	Camps	No significant differences between groups at pre-assessment, but significant differences found at post-assessment and 3-month follow-up. Treatment group had lower scores on the depression-like syndromes and the anxiety-like syndrome; and more prosocial behaviours.	Moderate
Spencer et al 2004⁵⁹	Uganda	Malaria prevention (Disease Prevention) - Mass distribution of ITNs	All IDPs	Community intervention with pre- and post-test - 1 month	Camps	75.6% households had ITNs, but only 56.5% slept under ITNs Prevalence of malaria parasitaemia (11.2%) significantly lower in ITN users compared to non-users (9.2% vs 3.8%) Fever higher in <5 years by 7.2%	Strong
Steele et al 2008⁶⁰	Uganda	Water treatment (Water & Sanitation) - Disinfection of jerry cans using high strength sodium hypochlorite	Households Comparison: IDPs	Group intervention with pre- and post-test - 1 month	Camps	Jerry can contamination not come from water source. Source consistently tested 0cfu/100ml microbiological contamination, but jerry can could not reduce to 0 cfu/100 mL Chlorine strength depleted after repetitive cleaning	Moderate
Walden et al 2005⁶¹	Sudan	Water treatment (Disease Prevention, Water & Sanitation) -Mass disinfection of water containers	All IDPs	Community intervention without pre-test - 3 months	Camp	Reduction in diarrhoea cases after cleaning campaign. 88% of containers in the camp disinfected Random residual chlorine in 172 containers showed chlorine level of about, 0.22 mg/L	Weak
Watson et al 2019⁶²	Iraq	Handwashing (Water & Sanitation) - Toy-in-soap intervention	Children Comparison: IDPs	Group randomized controlled intervention with pre- and post-test - 1 month	Camp	Baseline intervention vs control (24% vs 32%) Endline intervention vs control (40% vs 13%) Intervention 4 times more likely to handwash (adjusted RR=3.94, 95% CI: 1.59–9.79)	Strong
Wayte et al 2008⁶³	Timor-Leste	Sexual and Reproductive Health (MCH) - Comprehensive Reproductive Health Strategy with key focus on Safe Motherhood.	General IDP review	Hospital-based intervention without pre-test - 6 months	Community	Mobile ANC services provided to 29 of 56 camps but ceased after two months. 16 of 399 women seen for ANC during mobile clinics Two dozen tents on the grounds of national hospital to improve hospital-based births and emergency obstetric care 261 pregnant women transferred	Moderate
Zhou et al 2016⁶⁴	Myanmar	Malaria control (Disease Prevention, Treatment) - Malaria and vector surveillance	All IDP Comparison: Non-IDP	Community intervention without pre-test - 40 months	Camps/ Community Clinics	Annual clinical malaria incidence rates lower among IDPs compared to non-IDPs (38.8 vs 127.0 cases/1000 person-year) Seasonal malaria outbreaks unchanged in local villages but increased about 10-fold in IDP camps Over 99% of households in both communities owned bed nets, but more IDPs used LLITNs (60.9% vs 0.4%).	Strong

Note: Antenatal care (ANC), Antiretroviral Therapy (ART), Confidence Interval (CI), Family Planning (FP), Global-, Severe- and Moderate- Acute Malnutrition (GAM, SAM, MAM), Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Internally Displaced Person (IDP), Long Lasting Insecticide Treated Net (LL- ITN), Maternal and Child Health (MCH), Primary Health Care (PHC), Postnatal care (PNC), Relative Risk (RR).