Flagellin-specific immune responses in CD patients before and after anti-TNFα therapy. OX40 assays were performed for cohort 2 (n = 14 CD patients), before anti-TNFα treatment, and at 8 and 24 weeks after treatment. For each individual, data are shown for (A) the proportion of FliC- and Fla2-specific CD4+ T cells (n = 14 at weeks 0 and 8, n = 13 at week 24) and (B) the proportion of Pediacel-specific CD4+ T cells (n = 12 at weeks 0 and 24 and n = 11 at week 8). (C) FliC- and Fla2-specific CD4+ T cells are shown as a percentage of Pediacel-specific CD4+ T cells (n = 12 at weeks 0 and 24 and n = 11 at week 8). (D) Anti-FliC and anti-Fla2 IgG and IgA levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at each time point (n = 12). Statistical analysis used Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. Spearman Rho (r) correlations between anti-FliC and anti-Fla2 (E) IgG and IgA levels from all time points (n = 11, each at 3 time points); and (F) OX40 assay responses and IgG and IgA levels.