Table 1.

List of cytockines and chemokines dysregulated and disease involvement.

Abbreviation	Cytokine or Chemokine	Main Functions of Cytokine	Cytokine Source	Pathology [References]
IFNα	Interferon alpha	↑ NK cells and CTL functions Influence isotype switching	Activate macrophages, monocytes	AD [10] Depression [203]
IFNγ	Interferon gamma	↑ NK cells and CTL functions ↑ APC production of IL-12 ↓ IL-4 production Influence isotype switching	Activate macrophages	PD [55] Schizophrenia [249]
IL-1	Interleukin-1	Pro-inflammatory ↑ Acute phase response	Macrophages, neutrophils, epithelial and endothelial cells	AD [10] PD [90] Depression [200] Schizophrenia [249]
IL-2	Interleukin-2	Th1 cytokine ↑ T and B cell activation ↑ NK cell proliferation and production of TNF, IFNγ Required for Treg cell differentiation	Activated T-cells	Depression [199]
Il-6	Interleukin-6	Pro-inflammatory ↑ Acute phase response	Activated phagocytes, Endothelial cells, Some activated T cells	AD [10] PD [244] Depression [201] Schizophrenia [249] PTSD [267]
IL-8	Interleukin-8	CXC chemokine ↑ Neutrophil chemotaxis and degranulation	All cell types encountering TNF, IL-1 or bacterial endotoxin	Schizophrenia [261]
IL-12	Interleukin-12	Required for Th1 cell differentiation ↑ production of IFN γ by macrophages, activated Th1 cells, NK cells ↑ DC and macrophage cytokines secretion ↑ CTL and NK cytotoxicity Influences isotype switching	Activated macrophages, Dentritic cells, neutrophils, monocytes, B cells	Schizophrenia [249]
TNF	Tumor Necrosis Factor	Potent inflammatory, immunoregulatory, cytotoxic, antiviral, pro-coagulatory, and growth stimulatory effects	Many types of activated hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells	AD [10] PD [264] Depression [203,204] Schizophrenia [249] PTSD [270] ASD [283]
TGFβ	Transforming growth factor-β	Anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive	Most activated hematopoietic cells; some non-hematopoietic cells	AD [10] Schizophrenia [249]
CXCL10 (IP-10)	C-X-C motif chemokine 10 (Interferon gamma-induced protein 10)	Chemoattractant for monocytes, macrophages, T cells, NK cells, and DC	Several cell types in response to IFN-γ: Monocytes, endothelial cells and fibroblasts	PTSD [270]
CXCL12 (SDF-1)	C-X-C motif chemokine 12 (stromal cell-derived factor 1)	Chemoattractant for lymphocytes, macrophages, hematopoietic cells. In neuroinflammation attraction of leukocytes across the blood brain barrier.	Leucocytes, endothelial cells, glial cells and neurons.	PD [55]
CCL12	Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 12	Chemoattractant for eosinophils, monocytes and lymphocytes.	Leucocytes, endothelial cells and fibroblasts	PTSD [270]