Table 2.

Generation of iPSC-derived organoids.

Tissue/Organ	Method	Key Small Molecules	References
Brain	Self-organisation by embryoid bodies formation, and the addition of temporal small molecules	IWR1 and SB431542	[91,92]
Eye	Self-organisation by embryoid bodies formation, and the addition of temporal small molecules	BMP4 and IGF1	[93,94,95]
Intestine	Extracellular support matrix and culture medium supplemented with pro-intestine growth factors	Activin A, WNT3A and FGF4	[96]
Liver	Co-culture of iPSCs with mesenchymal and endothelial cells followed by self-organisation by cell-to-cell contact or self-organisation by embryoid bodies formation on 3D perfusable chip	Activin-A, bFGF and HGF	[97,98]
Kidney	Mesoderm induction step followed by self-organisation in 3D culture	CHIR99021 and FGF9	[99]
Lung	Endoderm induction, addition of temporal small molecules and culture in extracellular support matrix or transwell inserts	Activin A, Noggin, SB431542, SAG, FGF4, CHIR99021 and FGF10	[96,100,101,102]
Prostate	Endoderm induction step and co-culture of iPSCs with rodent urogenital sinus mesenchyme (UGM), followed by self-organisation by cell-to-cell contact in extracellular support matrix	Activin A, EGF, R-spondin1, Noggin, and A83-01	[69]