Table 1.
Extracts from Mediterranean wild edible plants with beneficial effects against obesity and related comorbidities.
| Plant Species | Study | Activity | Class/Bioactive Compounds | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Allium scorodoprosum L. subsp. rotundum | In vitro | α-Amylase-inhibitory activity | [36] | |
| Amaranthus retroflexus L. | In vitro | Pancreatic lipase inhibition | [50] | |
| Anchusa azurea Mill. | In vitro | Pancreatic lipase inhibition | [50] | |
| Anvillea radiata Coss. & Dur. | In vitro | α-Glucosidase-inhibitory activity | 9α-hydroxyparthenolide (26), 9β-hydroxyparthenolide (27) and 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid (28) | [46] |
| Arum palaestinum Boiss. | In vitro | α-Amylase-inhibitory activity | [37] | |
| Asparagus acutifolius L. | In vitro | Pancreatic lipase inhibition | [50] | |
| Asphodeline lutea Reichenb. | In vitro | α-Glucosidase-inhibitory effects | Chrysophanol (20) | [38,39] |
| Beta vulgaris L. | In vitro | α-Amylase-inhibitory activity; α-glucosidase-inhibitory activity | Vitexin (21), isovitexin (22), orientin (23) and isoorientin (24) | [40] |
| Bituminaria bituminosa (L.) C.H.Stirt | In vitro | α-Amylase-inhibitory activity | [37] | |
| Borago officinalis L. | In vitro | α-Amylase-inhibitory activity; pancreatic-lipase-inhibitory activity | [43] | |
| Capparis orientalis Veill. | In vitro | Pancreatic-lipase-inhibitory activity | Rutin (29) | [54] |
| Capparis sicula Veill. | In vitro | α-Amylase-inhibitory activity; pancreatic-lipase-inhibitory activity | Rutin (29) | [43,54] |
| Carduus pycnocephalus L. | In vitro | α-Amylase-inhibitory activity; pancreatic-lipase-inhibitory activity | [44] | |
| Centaurea iberica Trevir. ex Spreng | In vitro | α-Amylase-inhibitory activity | [37] | |
| Cichorium endivia L. | In vitro | α-Amylase-inhibitory activity | [37] | |
| Cichorium intybus L. | In vitro | Pancreatic lipase inhibition | [50] | |
| Citrus bergamia Risso et Poit. (bergamot) | In vivo Clinical |
Effectiveness against hyperlipaemia associated or not with hyperglycaemia | [35] | |
| Citrus medica L. cv. Diamante (Diamante citron) | In vitro | Moderate carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzyme inhibition; | [33] | |
| In vivo | Dose-dependent effect on serum glucose levels in ZDF rats | [34] | ||
| Citrus paradisi Macfad. | In vivo | Rapid blood glucose reduction | [32] | |
| Clematis vitalba L. | In vitro | α-Amylase-inhibitory activity; pancreatic-lipase-inhibitory activity | [44] | |
| Cotoneaster nummularia Fisch. et Mey | In vitro | α-Amylase inhibitory activity; α-glucosidase-inhibitory activity | [41] | |
| Cuscuta pedicellata Ledeb. | In vivo | Reduction of insulin resistance and glucose tolerance | Naringenin (7), kaempferol (8), aromadenderin (9), quercetin (10), aromadenderin-7-O-b-d- glucoside (11), taxifolin 7-O-b-d-glucoside (12) |
[26] |
| Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC. | In vitro | Pancreatic lipase inhibition | [50] | |
| Echium vulgare L. | In vitro | α-Amylase-inhibitory activity; pancreatic-lipase-inhibitory activity | [43] | |
| Foeniculum vulgare Miller subsp. piperitum (Ucria) Coutinho | In vitro | Pancreatic lipase inhibition | [50] | |
|
Leopoldia comosa (L.) Parl. (syn. Muscari comosum (L.) Mill.) |
In vitro | Pancreatic lipase inhibition | [55,56,57] | |
| Lepidium sativum L. | In vitro | α-Amylase-inhibitory activity; pancreatic-lipase-inhibitory activity | [44] | |
| Malva sylvestris L. | In vitro | α-Amylase-inhibitory activity; pancreatic-lipase-inhibitory activity | [37,44] | |
| Mentha aquatica L. | In vitro | α-Amylase-inhibitory activity; pancreatic-lipase-inhibitory activity | [43] | |
| Mentha spicata L. ssp glabrata (Lej. et Court.) Lebeau | In vitro | Pancreatic lipase inhibition | [50] | |
| Origanum vulgare L. subsp. viridulum (Martin-Donos) Nyman | In vitro | Pancreatic lipase inhibition | [50] | |
| Oxycoccus quadripetalus Schinz & Thell. (syn. Vaccinium oxycoccos L., wild cranberry) | In vitro | Inhibition of adipogenesis | [70] | |
| Papaver rhoeas L. subsp. rhoeas | In vitro | Pancreatic lipase inhibition | [50] | |
| Picris hieracioides L. | In vitro | α-Amylase-inhibitory activity; pancreatic-lipase-inhibitory activity | [44] | |
| Plantago major L. | In vitro | α-Amylase-inhibitory activity | [37] | |
| Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. | In vitro | Inhibition of carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes | Nanirutin (13), poncirin (14), didymin (15), naringin (16), hesperidin (17), neoeriocitrin (18) | [31] |
| Portulaca oleracea L. | In vitro | Pancreatic lipase inhibition | [50] | |
| Raphanus raphanistrum L. subsp. landra (DC.) Bonnier & Layens | In vitro | Pancreatic lipase inhibition | [50] | |
| Raphanus raphanistrum L. subsp. raphanistrum | In vitro | α-Amylase-inhibitory activity; pancreatic-lipase-inhibitory activity | [43] | |
| Rosmarinus officinalis L. | In vitro | Pancreatic lipase inhibition | [50] | |
| Rubus caesius L. | In vitro | Pancreatic lipase inhibition | [50] | |
| Rubus grandifolius L. | In vitro | Glucosidases (α-, β-), α-amylase, and lipase enzyme inhibition | [42] | |
| Rumex conglomeratus Murray | In vitro | Pancreatic lipase inhibition | [50] | |
| Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke | In vitro | Pancreatic lipase inhibition | [50] | |
| Sisymbrium irio L. | In vitro | α-Amylase-inhibitory activity | [37] | |
| Smyrnium olusatrum L. | In vitro | Pancreatic lipase inhibition | [50] | |
| Sonchus asper (L.) Hill. | In vitro | Pancreatic lipase inhibition | [50] | |
| Sonchus oleraceus L. | In vitro | Pancreatic lipase inhibition | [50] | |
|
Vaccinium angustifolium Ait. (Blueberry) |
In vitro | Reduced lipid accumulation in macrophages; | [65] | |
| In vivo | Lowering of plasma HbA1c, retinol-binding protein 4, and resistin; | Antocyanins | [30] | |
| Reduction of blood glucose levels; | [29] | |||
| Lowering of plasma TG, TC, and LDL-C concentrations | [28,59,61] | |||
| - Reduction in glucose, fasting insulin and insulin resistance | [28] |