Qualitative and quantitative analysis of carbonyl groups of the wheat gliadin samples treated with CJAP plasma for 0 min, 5 min, 10 min, 30 min and 60 min, respectively. (A) SDS-PAGE gel stained with CBB. M: Protein molar mass standard, lane 1: 0 min, lane 2: 5 min, lane 3: 10 min, lane 4: 30 min, lane 5: 60 min. (B) Western blot of carbonyl groups using biotin-hydrazide. (C) Quantification of carbonyl groups using the 4-dinitrophenyl-hydrazine (DNPH) method. Data are presented as means ± SE (n = 3) in the quantitative detection assays. Asterisks represent statistically significant differences from 0 min (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01).