Figure 1.

Schematic indicating molecules and intracellular pathways induced by high glucose to promote a pro-fibrotic cardiac fibroblast phenotype. High glucose (HG) causes the activation of intracellular pathways (yellow ovals) that directly induces a pro-fibrotic phenotype in cardiac fibroblasts or, alternatively, upregulates molecules (red stars), which in turn activate intracellular pathways that induce a pro-fibrotic phenotype in cardiac fibroblasts. Red ↑ = increased levels, red ↓↓ = dramatically decreased.