Table 1.
Summary of the most relevant variations found in different dairy products obtained from ruminants fed experimental diets.
| VOC Family | Dietary Supplement (Ruminant) | Type of Dairy Product | Effects | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carboxylic acids | Dried grape pomace (Friesian cows) | Fresh and 28-day ripened Caciotta cheese | ↓ Acetic acid | [32] |
| Nutrient-rich pasture (Simmental cows) | 12-month ripened Montasio cheese | ↓ Butanoic acid ↓ Hexanoic acid |
[33] | |
| Dried grape pomace (Friesian cows) | 28-day ripened Caciotta cheese | [34] | ||
| Dried licorice root (Saanen goats) | Fresh and 30-day ripened Caciotta cheese | ↓ Hexanoic acid | [35] | |
| Organic zinc (Friesian cows) | 30-day ripened Caciotta cheese | ↑ Butanoic acid ↑ Hexanoic acid |
[36] | |
| 5-day stored Giuncata cheese | [37] | |||
| Extruded linseed (Saanen goats) | 60-day ripened Caciotta cheese | ↓ Dodecanoic acid | [38] | |
| Aldehydes | Organic zinc (Friesian cows) | 120-day ripened Caciocavallo cheese | ↑ Nonanal | [39] |
| Organic zinc (half-breed ewes) | 90-day ripened Pecorino cheese | ↑ Hexanal | [40] | |
| Organic selenium (Friesian cows) | 30-day ripened Caciotta cheese | ↓ Hexanal ↓ Heptanal |
[41] | |
| Lactones | Organic zinc (Friesian cows) | 120-day ripened Caciocavallo cheese | ↑ γ-nonalactone ↑ γ-dodecalactone ↑ δ-nonalactone ↑ δ-decalactone ↑ δ-dodecalactone ↑ δ-tetralactone |
[39] |
| 30-day ripened Caciotta cheese | ↑ δ-octalactone ↑ δ-decalactone |
[36] | ||
| Organic selenium (Friesian cows) | 30-day ripened Caciotta cheese | [41] | ||
| Dried olive pomace (Friesian cows) | 30-day ripened Caciotta cheese | ↑ γ-dodecalactone ↑ δ-octalactone |
[42] | |
| Ketones and Alcohols | Silages (Simmental cows) | 68-day, 200-day and 360-day ripened Montasio cheese | ↑ acetone ↑ 2-3-butanedione ↑ 2-butanone ↑ 2-hexanone ↑ 2-heptanone ↑ 2-methyl-1-butanol |
[43] |
| Nutrient-rich vs nutrient-poor pasture (Simmental cows) | 60-day ripened Montasio cheese | ↑ 2-Propanone 1 ↑ 2-Hepta-none 1 ↑ 2-Undecanone 1 ↑ 3-Methyl-1-butanol 2 |
[44] | |
| Organic selenium (Friesian cows) | 120-day ripened Caciocavallo cheese | ↑ 2-pentanone ↑ 2-nonan-2-one ↓ Hexanol |
[45] | |
| Esters | TMR + native pasture (dairy cows) | Ragusano Cheese | Geranyl acetate 3 [E]-Methyl-jasmonate3 |
[46] |
| Organic zinc (Friesian cows) | 120-day ripened Caciocavallo cheese | ↑ Ethyl butanoate ↑ Ethyl hexanoate ↑ Ethyl octanoate ↑ Ethyl nonanoate ↑ Ethyl decanoate ↑ Ethyl dodecanoate ↑ Ethyl tetradecanoate ↑ Ethyl hexadecanoate |
[39] | |
| 30-day ripened Caciotta cheese | ↑ Ethyl hexanoate ↑ Ethyl hexadecanoate |
[36] | ||
| Phenolic compounds | Pasture (dairy cows) | Raw milk | ↑ Toluene | [47] |
| Crops (dairy cows) | ↑ Ptaquiloside ↑ Genistein ↑ Daidzein |
[48] |
VOC = volatile compound; TMR = total mixed ration; ↑ = Increase in concentration; ↓ = Decrease in concentration. 1 Data referred to cheese obtained from cows fed the nutrient-poor pasture. 2 Data referred to cheese obtained from cows fed the nutrient-rich pasture. 3 Compounds only found in cheeses obtained from cows fed the experimental feeding strategy.